Proto-Austronesian
Proto-Austronesia
Lugha ya awali (iliyojengwa upya) · aina ya kihistoria / iliyofichwa
Proto-Austronesia (PAN) ni babu aliyejengwa upya wa familia ya lugha za Kiaustronesia — mojawapo ya familia kubwa zaidi duniani, inayoenea kutoka Madagaska hadi Kisiwa cha Pasaka. Kwa kawaida huwekwa Taiwan karibu 4000–3000 KK, kabla ya upanuzi mkubwa wa kibahari kote Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki ya visiwa na Pasifiki; ujenzi upya (ulioanzishwa na Dempwolff na baadaye kuboreshwa na Dyen na hasa Blust na Starosta) hutegemea sana lugha za Formosa zinazotofautiana, ambazo umuhimu wake wa kimaamuzi kwa uainishaji wa ngazi ya juu ulitambuliwa tu baada ya Dempwolff, ambaye ujenzi wake mwenyewe ulitegemea ushahidi wa lugha za Kimalayo-Polinesia.
Inakozungumzwa
Maneno 31 ya msingi katika Proto-Austronesia
Maji
*daNum
/daNum/
Moto
*Sapuy
/Sapuy/
Jua
*waRi
/waRi/
Mwezi
*bulaN
/bulaN/
Nyota
*bituqen
/bituqen/
Mama
*ina
/ina/
Baba
*ama
/ama/
Mimi
*aku
/aku/
Wewe
*iSu
/iSu/
Jina
*ŋajan
/ŋajan/
Jicho
*maCa
/maCa/
Mkono
*lima
/lima/
Moyo
*pusuq
/pusuq/
Upendo
—
/—/
Mti
*kaSiw
/kaSiw/
Nyumba
*Rumaq
/Rumaq/
Mbwa
*asu
/asu/
Paka
—
/—/
Kula
*kaen
/kaen/
Kunywa
*inum
/inum/
Moja
*isa
/isa/
Mbili
*duSa
/duSa/
Habari
—
/—/
Asante
—
/—/
Nzuri
—
/—/
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Proto-language (reconstructed) zinazohusiana
| Maana | Proto-Austronesia | Kibabuza | Kipazeh | Kikavalan | Kibunun | Kimalei cha Kale | Kitagalog cha Kale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | *daNum /daNum/ | zalum /zalum/ | dalum /da.lum/ | zanum /zaˈnum/ | danum /danum/ | ayar /ajar/ | ᜆᜓᜊᜒᜄ᜔ /tubiɡ/ |
| Moto | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | apoi /apoi/ | hapuy /ha.puj/ | ramaz /raˈmaz/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | api /api/ | ᜀᜉᜓᜌ᜔ /apuj/ |
| Jua | *waRi /waRi/ | — /—/ | rizax /ɾi.zax/ | siban /siˈban/ | vali /vali/ | matari /matari/ | ᜀᜇᜏ᜔ /araw/ |
| Mwezi | *bulaN /bulaN/ | zilias /siliəs/ | ilas /i.las/ | buran /buˈran/ | buan /buan/ | bulan /bulan/ | ᜊᜓᜏᜈ᜔ /buwan/ |
| Nyota | *bituqen /bituqen/ | botto /botːo/ | mintol /mintol/ | bituqan /bituqan/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | ᜊᜒᜆᜓᜁᜈ᜔ /bituʔin/ |
| Mama | *ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | ina /i.na/ | tina /ˈtina/ | tina /tina/ | ibu /ibu/ | ᜁᜈ /ina/ |
| Baba | *ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ | aba /a.ba/ | tama /ˈtama/ | tama /tama/ | bapa /bapa/ | ᜀᜋ /ama/ |
| Mimi | *aku /aku/ | ka-ina /kaina/ | yaku /jaku/ | aiku /aiku/ | saikin /saikin/ | aku /aku/ | ᜀᜃᜓ /ako/ |
| Wewe | *iSu /iSu/ | ijo /ijo/ | isiu /isiu/ | aisu /aisu/ | suu /suʔu/ | kamu /kamu/ | ᜁᜃᜏ᜔ /ikaw/ |
| Jina | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | naan /naːn/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | nangan /naŋan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ᜅᜎᜈ᜔ /ŋalan/ |
| Jicho | *maCa /maCa/ | macha /matʃa/ | daurik /da.u.ɾik/ | mata /maˈta/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | ᜋᜆ /mata/ |
| Mkono | *lima /lima/ | rima /rima/ | rima /ɾi.ma/ | rima /riˈma/ | ima /ima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | ᜃᜋᜌ᜔ /kamaj/ |
| Moyo | *pusuq /pusuq/ | — /—/ | baga /ba.ɡa/ | — /—/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | hati /hati/ | ᜉᜓᜐᜓ /puso/ |
| Upendo | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | ᜁᜊᜒᜄ᜔ /ibiɡ/ |
| Mti | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kayu /kaju/ | kahuy /ka.huj/ | kasuy /kaˈsuj/ | kahu /kahu/ | kayu /kaju/ | ᜃᜑᜓᜌ᜔ /kahoj/ |
| Nyumba | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | ruma /ruma/ | xuma /xu.ma/ | lepaw /ləˈpaw/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | rumah /rumah/ | ᜊᜑᜌ᜔ /bahaj/ |
| Mbwa | *asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | wazu /wa.zu/ | wasu /waˈsu/ | asu /asu/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | ᜀᜐᜓ /aso/ |
| Paka | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjaw/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | ᜉᜓᜐ /pusa/ |
| Kula | *kaen /kaen/ | maan /maːn/ | mekan /mə.kan/ | quman /quˈman/ | maun /maun/ | makan /makan/ | ᜃᜁᜈ᜔ /kain/ |
| Kunywa | *inum /inum/ | minum /minum/ | mimaazip /mi.maː.zip/ | mimum /miˈmum/ | muqun /muqun/ | minum /minum/ | ᜁᜈᜓᜋ᜔ /inom/ |
| Moja | *isa /isa/ | nata /nata/ | adang /a.daŋ/ | issa /ˈissa/ | tasa /tasa/ | sa /sa/ | ᜁᜐ /isa/ |
| Mbili | *duSa /duSa/ | naroa /naroa/ | dusa /dusa/ | zusa /zusa/ | dusa /dusa/ | dua /dua/ | ᜇᜎᜏ /dalaˈwa/ |
| Habari | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ | ᜋᜊᜓᜑᜌ᜔ /mabuhaj/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ | ᜐᜎᜋᜆ᜔ /salamat/ |
| Nzuri | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | masial /masial/ | baik /baik/ | ᜋᜊᜓᜆᜒ /mabuti/ |
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