Kebalan
Kikavalan
Kiaustronesia (East Formosan)
Kavalan (Kebalan) ni lugha ya Kiaustronesia ya Kiformosa cha mashariki iliyo hatarini kutoweka kwa kiwango cha juu, inayozungumzwa mashariki mwa Taiwan, ikiwa na wazungumzaji wazee wapatao ishirini na wachache tu wenye ufasaha, waliojikita Hualien (vijiji vya Sinshe/Paterungan) na inayokumbukwa Yilan. Ilitambuliwa rasmi kama jamii tofauti ya wenyeji wa Taiwan mwaka 2002 baada ya kampeni ndefu. Ni ya kihafidhina kitaipolojia ndani ya Kiaustronesia: huhifadhi *R ya Proto-Austronesia kama /x/ (mfano, zanuR > visawe vinavyohusiana na zanum), huhifadhi mfumo wa sauti wa aina ya Kifilipino wenye njia nne, na huonyesha mpangilio msingi wa VOS. Juhudi za kuihuisha zinajumuisha mpango wa CIP wa «Kiota cha Lugha».
Inakozungumzwa
Maneno 31 ya msingi katika Kikavalan
Maji
zanum
/zaˈnum/
Moto
ramaz
/raˈmaz/
Jua
siban
/siˈban/
Mwezi
buran
/buˈran/
Nyota
bituqan
/bituqan/
Mama
tina
/ˈtina/
Baba
tama
/ˈtama/
Mimi
aiku
/aiku/
Wewe
aisu
/aisu/
Jina
nangan
/naŋan/
Jicho
mata
/maˈta/
Mkono
rima
/riˈma/
Moyo
—
/—/
Upendo
—
/—/
Mti
kasuy
/kaˈsuj/
Nyumba
lepaw
/ləˈpaw/
Mbwa
wasu
/waˈsu/
Paka
ngiyaw
/ŋiˈjaw/
Kula
quman
/quˈman/
Kunywa
mimum
/miˈmum/
Moja
issa
/ˈissa/
Mbili
zusa
/zusa/
Habari
—
/—/
Asante
—
/—/
Nzuri
—
/—/
Vyanzo
- Li, Paul Jen-kuei & Tsuchida, Shigeru (2006) Kavalan Dictionary. Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, Taipei.
- Li, Paul Jen-kuei & Tsuchida, Shigeru (2006) Kavalan Texts. Academia Sinica.
- Glottolog: Kavalan
- Council of Indigenous Peoples (Taiwan): Kebalan / Kavalan language resources
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Austronesian (East Formosan) zinazohusiana
| Maana | Kikavalan | Kibidayuh-Bukar | Kibabuza | Proto-Austronesia | Kimaguindanao | Kipazeh | Kimakasae |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | zanum /zaˈnum/ | piin /piːn/ | zalum /zalum/ | *daNum /daNum/ | ig /ʔiɡ/ | dalum /da.lum/ | ira /ˈira/ |
| Moto | ramaz /raˈmaz/ | apui /aˈpui/ | apoi /apoi/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | apoy /ʔaˈpoj/ | hapuy /ha.puj/ | ata /ˈata/ |
| Jua | siban /siˈban/ | biduh /biˈduh/ | — /—/ | *waRi /waRi/ | senang /seˈnaŋ/ | rizax /ɾi.zax/ | watu /ˈwatu/ |
| Mwezi | buran /buˈran/ | bulan /buˈlan/ | zilias /siliəs/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | bulan /buˈlan/ | ilas /i.las/ | uru /ˈuru/ |
| Nyota | bituqan /bituqan/ | bitun /bitun/ | botto /botːo/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bituon /bituʔon/ | mintol /mintol/ | ipi /ipi/ |
| Mama | tina /ˈtina/ | sindo /sinˈdoʔ/ | tina /tina/ | *ina /ina/ | ina /ˈʔina/ | ina /i.na/ | ina /ˈina/ |
| Baba | tama /ˈtama/ | samah /saˈmah/ | tama /tama/ | *ama /ama/ | ama /ˈʔama/ | aba /a.ba/ | baba /ˈbaba/ |
| Mimi | aiku /aiku/ | aku /aku/ | ka-ina /kaina/ | *aku /aku/ | saki /saki/ | yaku /jaku/ | ani /ani/ |
| Wewe | aisu /aisu/ | muh /muh/ | ijo /ijo/ | *iSu /iSu/ | seka /səka/ | isiu /isiu/ | ai /ai/ |
| Jina | nangan /naŋan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | naan /naːn/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngala /ŋala/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | naran /naran/ |
| Jicho | mata /maˈta/ | bateh /baˈteh/ | macha /matʃa/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /maˈta/ | daurik /da.u.ɾik/ | nana /ˈnana/ |
| Mkono | rima /riˈma/ | təŋən /tə̆ˈŋən/ | rima /rima/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /liˈma/ | rima /ɾi.ma/ | tana /ˈtana/ |
| Moyo | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | pusong /puˈsoŋ/ | baga /ba.ɡa/ | — /—/ |
| Upendo | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | kalini /kaˈlini/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Mti | kasuy /kaˈsuj/ | kayuh /kaˈjuh/ | kayu /kaju/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kayu /kaˈju/ | kahuy /ka.huj/ | ate /ˈate/ |
| Nyumba | lepaw /ləˈpaw/ | ramin /raˈmin/ | ruma /ruma/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | walay /waˈlaj/ | xuma /xu.ma/ | oma /ˈoma/ |
| Mbwa | wasu /waˈsu/ | kaso /kaˈsoʔ/ | asu /asu/ | *asu /asu/ | aso /ˈʔaso/ | wazu /wa.zu/ | defa /ˈdɛfa/ |
| Paka | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjaw/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | kuting /kuˈtiŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Kula | quman /quˈman/ | kuman /kuˈman/ | maan /maːn/ | *kaen /kaen/ | kakan /kaˈkan/ | mekan /mə.kan/ | nawa /ˈnawa/ |
| Kunywa | mimum /miˈmum/ | ŋinum /ŋiˈnum/ | minum /minum/ | *inum /inum/ | inum /ʔiˈnum/ | mimaazip /mi.maː.zip/ | gehe /ˈɡɛhɛ/ |
| Moja | issa /ˈissa/ | isaʔ /iˈsaʔ/ | nata /nata/ | *isa /isa/ | isa /ˈʔisa/ | adang /a.daŋ/ | u /ʔu/ |
| Mbili | zusa /zusa/ | duɔh /duɔh/ | naroa /naroa/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dua /duwa/ | dusa /dusa/ | lolae /loˈlae/ |
| Habari | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | assalamu alaikum /assaˈlamu ʔaˈlajkum/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | sukran /ˈsukɾan/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | — /—/ | biis /biːs/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mapiya /maˈpija/ | — /—/ | rau /rau/ |
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