Tz'unun K'iche'
Kiuspanteko
Mayan
Uspanteko (autonymously Tz'unun K'iche', "the language of Uspantán") is a K'ichean Mayan language of the Cuchumatanes highlands of Guatemala, spoken by around 5,000 people primarily in the Uspantán municipality of El Quiché department. Uspanteko is famous in linguistic typology for being the only Mayan language with grammatical tone — most Mayan languages have lost their original Proto-Mayan tonal contrasts, but Uspanteko has innovated a new tonal system that is used for grammatical purposes (specifically, for marking perfective aspect on certain verbs). Linguistically, Uspanteko is part of the K'ichean branch alongside K'iche' (quc), Tz'utujil (tzj), Kaqchikel (cak), and Sakapulteko (skp), but with distinct phonological and lexical features. The Uspanteko community survived the 1980s Guatemalan Civil War genocide and have maintained their language through community isolation in the Cuchumatanes mountain valleys.
Inakozungumzwa
Maneno 20 ya msingi katika Kiuspanteko
Maji
jaʼ
/haʔ/
Moto
qʼaqʼ
/qʼaqʼ/
Jua
qʼiij
/qʼiːh/
Mwezi
ikʼ
/ikʼ/
Mama
nan
/nan/
Baba
tat
/tat/
Kula
waʼ
/waʔ/
Kunywa
ukʼ
/ukʼ/
Upendo
lóqʼ
/lóqʼ/
Moyo
kʼuʼx
/kʼuʔʃ/
Mti
cheʼ
/tʃeʔ/
Nyumba
jaa
/haː/
Mbwa
tzʼiʼ
/tsʼiʔ/
Paka
mis
/mis/
Mkono
qʼab
/qʼab/
Jicho
wach
/watʃ/
Habari
saʼbʼal
/saʔbal/
Asante
maltyox
/maltjoʃ/
Moja
jun
/hun/
Nzuri
utz
/uts/
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Mayan zinazohusiana
| Maana | Kiuspanteko | Kʼiche | Kaqchikel | Kitojolabal | Kiitza | Kimaya cha Kale | Kipoqomchi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /xaʔ/ | yaʼ /jaʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ |
| Moto | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼahkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | qʼaaq /qʼaːq/ |
| Jua | qʼiij /qʼiːh/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | qʼij /qʼih/ |
| Mwezi | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ixaw /iʃaw/ | uj /uh/ | uh /uh/ | ik /ik/ |
| Mama | nan /nan/ | nan /nan/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | nan /nan/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | tuut /tuːt/ |
| Baba | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | tataʼ /tataʔ/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | yuum /juːm/ | ajaab /ahaːb/ |
| Kula | waʼ /waʔ/ | tijow /tixow/ | waʼin /waʔin/ | waʼel /waʔel/ | jant /hant/ | wiʼij /wiʔiχ/ | wai /wai/ |
| Kunywa | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼaaj /ukʼaːh/ | kumun /kumun/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | uuk /uːk/ |
| Upendo | lóqʼ /lóqʼ/ | loqʼoj /loqʼoh/ | ajowabʼäl /axowaɓəl/ | skʼana /skʼana/ | yakunti /jakunti/ | yaah /jaːh/ | rahaal /rahaːl/ |
| Moyo | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | animaʼ /animaʔ/ | anima /anima/ | alma /alma/ | pukʼsikʼal /pukʼsikʼal/ | pixan /piʃan/ | kʼuxl /kʼuʃl/ |
| Mti | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheeʼ /tʃeʔ/ |
| Nyumba | jaa /haː/ | ja /xa/ | jay /xaj/ | naj /nah/ | nah /nah/ | otoch /otoːtʃ/ | paat /paːt/ |
| Mbwa | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | pekʼ /pekʼ/ | peekʼ /peːkʼ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ |
| Paka | mis /mis/ | meʼs /meʔs/ | mes /mes/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | miis /miːs/ | mees /meːs/ |
| Mkono | qʼab /qʼab/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | qʼab /qʼab/ |
| Jicho | wach /watʃ/ | bʼaqʼwach /ɓaqʼwatʃ/ | bʼaqʼ wach /ɓaqʼ watʃ/ | satej /sateh/ | ich /itʃ/ | ich /itʃ/ | nakʼ /nakʼ/ |
| Habari | saʼbʼal /saʔbal/ | saqarik /saqaɾik/ | utz iwäch /uts iwætʃ/ | lekilukʼ /lekilukʼ/ | bʼix a tʼan /biʃ a tʼan/ | bix a beel /biʃ a beːl/ | ma chaa /ma tʃaː/ |
| Asante | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | matyox /matjoʃ/ | yuj /juh/ | dios bʼotik /dios botik/ | nibʼoolal /nibʼoːlal/ | tioxlaab /tjoʃlaːb/ |
| Moja | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jino /hino/ |
| Nzuri | utz /uts/ | utz /uts/ | utz /uts/ | lek /lek/ | malobʼ /malob/ | utz /uts/ | saqʼwach /saqʼwatʃ/ |
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