Tojol-ab'al
Kitojolabal
Kimaya
Tojolabal (kwa jina la asili tojol-abʼal, "lugha ya kweli") ni lugha ya Kimaya ya tawi-dogo la Kichujean ndani ya tawi la Kiq'anjob'alan-Chujean, inayozungumzwa na watu wapatao 70,000 katika manispaa za Las Margaritas na Comitán huko Chiapas, Mexico, karibu na mpaka wa Guatemala. Kiisimu, Tojolabal inahusiana kwa ukaribu zaidi na Chuj (cac) ya Guatemala — wakati mwingine lugha hizo mbili huchukuliwa kama kundi la lahaja za Kichujean — na kwa mbali zaidi na lugha za Kiq'anjob'alan (Q'anjob'al kjb, Akateko, Jakalteko). Jamii ya Tojolabal inajulikana kwa desturi yake imara ya umiliki wa ardhi wa kijamii (mfumo wa ejido) na falsafa ya kisiasa ya "nosotros" (sisi — kwa Kitojolabal lekilukʼ) inayosisitiza utu wa kijamii kuliko utambulisho wa mtu binafsi. Maasi ya Wazapatista ya mwaka 1994 huko Chiapas yalivuta uangalifu mkubwa kwa Tojolabal kama mojawapo ya lugha kuu za Kimaya za eneo la manispaa zinazojitawala.
Inakozungumzwa
Maneno 31 ya msingi katika Kitojolabal
Maji
jaʼ
/haʔ/
Moto
kʼakʼ
/kʼakʼ/
Jua
kʼakʼu
/kʼakʼu/
Mwezi
ixaw
/iʃaw/
Nyota
kʼanal
/kʼanal/
Mama
nan
/nan/
Baba
tat
/tat/
Mimi
keʼn
/keʔn/
Wewe
weʼn
/weʔn/
Jina
bʼiʼil
/ɓiʔil/
Jicho
satej
/sateh/
Mkono
kʼabʼ
/kʼaɓ/
Moyo
altzil
/altsil/
Upendo
skʼana
/skʼana/
Mti
teʼ
/teʔ/
Nyumba
naj
/nah/
Mbwa
tsʼiʼ
/tsʼiʔ/
Paka
mis
/mis/
Kula
waʼel
/waʔel/
Kunywa
ukʼ
/ukʼ/
Moja
jun
/hun/
Mbili
chabʼ
/tʃaɓ/
Habari
lekilukʼ
/lekilukʼ/
Asante
yuj
/juh/
Nzuri
lek
/lek/
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Mayan zinazohusiana
| Maana | Kitojolabal | Kitzotzil | Kitzeltal | Kiuspanteko | Kikanjobal | Kiitza | Kichontal cha Tabasco |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | jaʼ /haʔ/ | voʼ /voʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ |
| Moto | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼokʼ /kʼokʼ/ | kʼajkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ |
| Jua | kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ | kʼakʼal /kʼakʼal/ | kʼajkʼal /kʼahkʼal/ | qʼiij /qʼiːh/ | kʼuʼ /kʼuʔ/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼin /kʼin/ |
| Mwezi | ixaw /iʃaw/ | u /u/ | u /u/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ixaw /iʃaw/ | uj /uh/ | ä /æ/ |
| Nyota | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | ch'umil /tʃʼumil/ | txʼumel /tʂʼumel/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ |
| Mama | nan /nan/ | meʼ /meʔ/ | meʼ /meʔ/ | nan /nan/ | mim /mim/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Baba | tat /tat/ | tot /tot/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | mam /mam/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ |
| Mimi | keʼn /keʔn/ | voʼon /voʔon/ | joʼon /hoʔon/ | in /in/ | ayin /ʔajin/ | ten /ten/ | noʼon /noʔon/ |
| Wewe | weʼn /weʔn/ | voʼot /voʔot/ | jaʼat /haʔat/ | at /at/ | hach /hatʃ/ | tech /tetʃ/ | neʼet /neʔet/ |
| Jina | bʼiʼil /ɓiʔil/ | biil /ɓiːl/ | biil /ɓiːl/ | b'ii /ɓiː/ | bʼi /ɓi/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ |
| Jicho | satej /sateh/ | sat /sat/ | sit /sit/ | wach /watʃ/ | sat /sat/ | ich /itʃ/ | wich /witʃ/ |
| Mkono | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ | kʼob /kʼob/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | qʼab /qʼab/ | qʼab /qʼab/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼä /kʼæ/ |
| Moyo | altzil /altsil/ | oʼon /oʔon/ | oʼtan /oʔtan/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | kʼulul /kʼulul/ | pukʼsikʼal /pukʼsikʼal/ | pixan /piʃan/ |
| Upendo | skʼana /skʼana/ | kʼanel /kʼanel/ | kʼanbey /kʼanbej/ | lóqʼ /lóqʼ/ | kamkʼulal /kamkʼulal/ | yakunti /jakunti/ | kʼuxbe /kʼuʃbe/ |
| Mti | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ |
| Nyumba | naj /nah/ | na /na/ | na /na/ | jaa /haː/ | na /na/ | nah /nah/ | otot /otot/ |
| Mbwa | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | pekʼ /pekʼ/ | pekʼ /pekʼ/ |
| Paka | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | mes /mes/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ |
| Kula | waʼel /waʔel/ | veʼel /veʔel/ | weʼel /weʔel/ | waʼ /waʔ/ | lo /lo/ | jant /hant/ | weʼ /weʔ/ |
| Kunywa | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | uchʼ /utʃʼ/ | uchʼel /utʃʼel/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | uku /uku/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼe /ukʼe/ |
| Moja | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | un /un/ |
| Mbili | chabʼ /tʃaɓ/ | chib /tʃiɓ/ | cheb /tʃeb/ | quiib' /kiːɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ |
| Habari | lekilukʼ /lekilukʼ/ | kʼusi avokoluk /kʼusi avokoluk/ | banti winik /banti winik/ | saʼbʼal /saʔbal/ | kawal /kawal/ | bʼix a tʼan /biʃ a tʼan/ | bin a bel /bin a bel/ |
| Asante | yuj /juh/ | kolaval /kolaval/ | wokol awal /wokol awal/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | yuhwal /juhwal/ | dios bʼotik /dios botik/ | dios boʼtik /dios boʔtik/ |
| Nzuri | lek /lek/ | lek /lek/ | lek /lek/ | utz /uts/ | watxʼ /watʃʼ/ | malobʼ /malob/ | tsʼak /tsʼak/ |
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