𘬱𘬻𘭟 𘬐𘭦𘬰
Kikhitan
Para-Mongoli (Mongolic-Khitan branch, debated)
Lugha ya Khitan ilikuwa lugha ya nasaba ya Liao (907–1125 BK), iliyozungumzwa na watu wa Khitan walioutawala ufalme mkubwa ulioenea kutoka Manchuria hadi Asia ya Kati. Wakhitan walitengeneza mifumo miwili ya maandishi — Maandishi Makubwa na Maandishi Madogo — lakini yote miwili imefafanuliwa kwa sehemu tu, na takriban 20% ya herufi za Maandishi Madogo zinaweza kusomwa kwa uhakika. Ingizo hili linahifadhi tu masomaji yaliyothibitishwa katika maandishi ya lugha mbili ya Liao, uandishi wa Kichina wa majina ya Khitan, au ujenzi upya wa kisomi wa Kane (2009) na Aisin Gioro Ulhicun; ingizo zingine zote zimewekwa alama ya kistari. Nambari ni msamiati uliothibitishwa vizuri zaidi, ukionyesha uhusiano dhahiri na lugha ya Kimongolia na Manchu.
Inakozungumzwa
Usomaji wa herufi za Han katika Kikhitan
| Herufi | Maana | Usomaji | Umbo | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | 𘬺om | /əm/ | |
| 二 | two | jur | /dʒur/ | |
| 三 | three | gur | /ɡur/ | |
| 四 | four | dur | /dur/ | |
| 五 | five | tau | /tau/ | |
| 六 | six | nil | /nil/ | |
| 七 | seven | dalu | /dalu/ | |
| 八 | eight | naim | /naim/ | |
| 九 | nine | isen | /isen/ | |
| 十 | ten | par | /par/ | |
| 日 | sun | nair | /nair/ | |
| 月 | moon | 𘭖𘭚𘭯sair | /sair/ | |
| 山 | mountain | ula | /ʊla/ | |
| 水 | water | us | /ʊs/ | |
| 火 | fire | gal | /ɡal/ | |
| 天 | sky | teŋri | /tʰeŋri/ | |
| 馬 | horse | 𘭤𘭞morin | /morin/ | |
| 人 | person | küü | /kʰuː/ |
Vyanzo
- Kane, Daniel. The Kitan Language and Script. Brill, 2009.
- Aisin Gioro Ulhicun (愛新覺羅·烏拉熙春). Kitan Studies. Kyoto University, 2004–2012.
- Liu Fengzhu (劉鳳翥). Qidan Wenzi Yanjiu (契丹文字研究). Zhonghua Shuju, 2014.
- Andrew West. BabelStone Khitan Script Resources. babelstone.co.uk/Khitan.
- Wu Yingzhe & Janhunen, Juha. New Materials on the Khitan Small Script. SOAS, 2010.
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Mongolic (Para-Mongolic) zinazohusiana
| Maana | Kikhitan | Kijurchen | Proto-Mongolic | Kimongoli cha kati | Kimongolia cha Kale | Kikalmyk | Kiyugur cha Mashariki |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | muri /muri/ | muke /muke/ | *usun /usun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | усн /usn/ | ус /us/ |
| Moto | niár /niar/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | *gal /gal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɣal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡal/ | гал /ɡal/ | гал /ɡal/ |
| Jua | 𘲺 /nair/ | šun /ʃun/ | *naran /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | нарн /narn/ | нар /nar/ |
| Mwezi | 𘭧 /sair/ | biya /bija/ | *sara /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | сар /sar/ | сар /sar/ |
| Nyota | od /od/ | usiha /usixa/ | *hodun /hodun/ | ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠨ /hodun/ | ᠣᠳᠣᠨ /odun/ | одн /odn/ | ходэн /χoden/ |
| Mama | eme /eme/ | eme /eme/ | *eke /eke/ | ᠡᠭᠡ /eke/ | ᠡᠬᠡ /eke/ | ээҗ /eːdʒ/ | ээж /eːʒ/ |
| Baba | ai /ai/ | ama /ama/ | *ečige /ečige/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | аав /aːv/ | аава /ɑːva/ |
| Mimi | bi /bi/ | bi /bi/ | *bi /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | би /bi/ | би /bi/ |
| Wewe | ši /ʃi/ | si /ʃi/ | *či /či/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | чи /tʃi/ | чи /tʃi/ |
| Jina | niru /niru/ | gebu /gəbu/ | *nere /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | нерн /nern/ | нэрэ /nere/ |
| Jicho | nït /nit/ | yasa /jasa/ | *nidün /nidün/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ /nidyn/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦ /nidü/ | нүдн /nyˈdn̩/ | нүдэ /nʏde/ |
| Mkono | ɣar /ɣar/ | gala /ɡala/ | *gar /gar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɣar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɡar/ | һар /ɣar/ | гар /ɡar/ |
| Moyo | niyàmen /nijamen/ | niyaman /nijaman/ | *ǰirüken /ǰirüken/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡ /dʒiryke/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ /dʒirüke/ | зүркн /zyrˈkən/ | зүрх /zʏrχ/ |
| Upendo | nasun /nasun/ | gosi /ɡosi/ | — /—/ | ᠳᠤᠷᠠ /dura/ | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠ /xajira/ | дурлх /durlx/ | хайрлаха /χajrlaχa/ |
| Mti | mau /mau/ | mo /mo/ | *modun /modun/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤᠨ /modun/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤ /modu/ | модн /moˈdn̩/ | мод /mod/ |
| Nyumba | boo /boː/ | boo /boː/ | *ger /ger/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | гер /ɡer/ | гэр /ɡer/ |
| Mbwa | 𘰕𘯛 /niaqan/ | indahǔn /indahuːn/ | *nokai /nokai/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noxai/ | ноха /noxa/ | нохай /noχaj/ |
| Paka | — /—/ | kesike /kesike/ | — /—/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | миис /miːs/ | мэшэ /meʃe/ |
| Kula | idi /idi/ | jefu /dʒefu/ | *ide- /ide-/ | ᠢᠳᠡ /ide/ | ᠢᠳᠡ- /ide-/ | иде /ide/ | идэхэ /ɪdeχe/ |
| Kunywa | umi /umi/ | omi /omi/ | *uu- /uu-/ | ᠤᠭᠤ /uɣu/ | ᠤᠭᠤ- /uɣu-/ | уу /uː/ | ухаха /uχaχa/ |
| Moja | 𘬣 /omsu/ | emu /emu/ | *nigen /nigen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | негн /neɡn/ | нэг /neɡ/ |
| Mbili | jur /dʒuːr/ | juwe /dʑuwə/ | *koyar /koyar/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | хойр /xojr/ | гоор /ɣoːr/ |
| Habari | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ᠠᠮᠤᠷ /amur/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠤ /sajin uu/ | менд /mend/ | сайнар уу /sajnar uː/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠪᠠ /bajarlaba/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠯᠠ /bajarlala/ | ханҗанав /xandʒanav/ | баярлалаа /bajarlalaː/ |
| Nzuri | sayïn /sajin/ | sain /sain/ | *sajin /sajin/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sain/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sajin/ | сән /sæn/ | сайн /sajn/ |
Ukurasa 1/4
Ulinganishaji wa usomaji wa Han
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Para-Mongolic (Mongolic-Khitan branch, debated) zinazohusiana
| Herufi | Kikhitan | Promongoli | Kisibe | Pratungus | Kimanchu | Kijurchen | Kichina cha Yuan (Phags-pa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | om /əm/ | *nigen /*niɡen/ | emu /əmu/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | emu /emu/ | emu /emu/ | ʔi /ʔi/ |
| 二 | jur /dʒur/ | *qoyar /*qojar/ | juwe /dʑuwə/ | *dʒuər /*dʒuər/ | juwe /dʒuwə/ | juwe /dʑuwe/ | ʐɨ /ʐɨ/ |
| 三 | gur /ɡur/ | *gurba(n) /*gurban/ | ilan /ilan/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | sam /sam/ |
| 四 | dur /dur/ | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ | duin /duin/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | sɿ /sɿ/ |
| 五 | tau /tau/ | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ | sunja /sundʑa/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | sunja /sundʒa/ | sunja /sundʑa/ | ʔu /ʔu/ |
| 六 | nil /nil/ | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | ninggun /niŋɢun/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | liw /liw/ |
| 七 | dalu /dalu/ | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ | nadan /nadan/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | tshi /tsʰi/ |
| 八 | naim /naim/ | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | *dʒapkun /*dʒapkun/ | jakūn /dʒakʰuːn/ | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | ba /pa/ |
| 九 | isen /isen/ | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ | uyun /ujun/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | kiw /kiw/ |
| 十 | par /par/ | *harba(n) /*harban/ | juwan /dʑuwan/ | *dʒuwan /*dʒuwan/ | juwan /dʒuwan/ | juwan /dʑuwan/ | ši /ʂɨ/ |
| 日 | nair /nair/ | *naran /*naran/ | šun /ɕun/ | *siun /*siun/ | šun /ʃun/ | šun /ʃun/ | ʐɨ /ʐɨ/ |
| 月 | sair /sair/ | *sara(n) /*saran/ | biya /bija/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | ʔɥe /ʔɥe/ |
| 山 | ula /ʊla/ | *agula /*aɣula/ | alin /alin/ | *xada /*xada/ | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | šan /ʂan/ |
| 水 | us /ʊs/ | *usu(n) /*usun/ | muke /mutɕə/ | *mū /*muː/ | muke /mukə/ | muke /muke/ | šwi /ʂwi/ |
| 火 | gal /ɡal/ | *gal /*ɡal/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | xwo /xwɔ/ |
| 天 | teŋri /tʰeŋri/ | *teŋri /*teŋri/ | abka /apka/ | *abka /*abka/ | abka /abka/ | abka /abka/ | thẽn /tʰjɛn/ |
| 馬 | morin /morin/ | *mori(n) /*morin/ | morin /mɔrin/ | *murin /*murin/ | morin /morin/ | morin /morin/ | ma /ma/ |
| 人 | küü /kʰuː/ | *kümün /*kymyn/ | niyalma /ɲalma/ | *niama /*niama/ | niyalma /njalma/ | niyalma /njalma/ | ʐin /ʐin/ |
Ukurasa 1/2
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