𘬱𘬻𘭟 𘬐𘭦𘬰
Kikhitan
Para-Mongolic (Mongolic-Khitan branch, debated)
Lugha ya Khitan ilikuwa lugha ya nasaba ya Liao (907–1125 BK), iliyozungumzwa na watu wa Khitan walioutawala ufalme mkubwa ulioenea kutoka Manchuria hadi Asia ya Kati. Wakhitan walitengeneza mifumo miwili ya maandishi — Maandishi Makubwa na Maandishi Madogo — lakini yote miwili imefafanuliwa kwa sehemu tu, na takriban 20% ya herufi za Maandishi Madogo zinaweza kusomwa kwa uhakika. Ingizo hili linahifadhi tu masomaji yaliyothibitishwa katika maandishi ya lugha mbili ya Liao, uandishi wa Kichina wa majina ya Khitan, au ujenzi upya wa kisomi wa Kane (2009) na Aisin Gioro Ulhicun; ingizo zingine zote zimewekwa alama ya kistari. Nambari ni msamiati uliothibitishwa vizuri zaidi, ukionyesha uhusiano dhahiri na lugha ya Kimongolia na Manchu.
Inakozungumzwa
Usomaji wa herufi za Han katika Kikhitan
| Herufi | Maana | Usomaji | Umbo | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | 𘬺om | /əm/ | |
| 二 | two | jur | /dʒur/ | |
| 三 | three | gur | /ɡur/ | |
| 四 | four | dur | /dur/ | |
| 五 | five | tau | /tau/ | |
| 六 | six | nil | /nil/ | |
| 七 | seven | dalu | /dalu/ | |
| 八 | eight | naim | /naim/ | |
| 九 | nine | isen | /isen/ | |
| 十 | ten | par | /par/ | |
| 日 | sun | nair | /nair/ | |
| 月 | moon | 𘭖𘭚𘭯sair | /sair/ | |
| 山 | mountain | ula | /ʊla/ | |
| 水 | water | us | /ʊs/ | |
| 火 | fire | gal | /ɡal/ | |
| 天 | sky | teŋri | /tʰeŋri/ | |
| 馬 | horse | 𘭤𘭞morin | /morin/ | |
| 人 | person | küü | /kʰuː/ |
Vyanzo
- Kane, Daniel. The Kitan Language and Script. Brill, 2009.
- Aisin Gioro Ulhicun (愛新覺羅·烏拉熙春). Kitan Studies. Kyoto University, 2004–2012.
- Liu Fengzhu (劉鳳翥). Qidan Wenzi Yanjiu (契丹文字研究). Zhonghua Shuju, 2014.
- Andrew West. BabelStone Khitan Script Resources. babelstone.co.uk/Khitan.
- Wu Yingzhe & Janhunen, Juha. New Materials on the Khitan Small Script. SOAS, 2010.
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Mongolic (Para-Mongolic) zinazohusiana
| Maana | Kikhitan | Kijurchen | Kimongoli cha kati | Kimongolia cha Kale | Kimongolia | Mongghul | Kisibe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | muri /muri/ | muke /muke/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | ус /us/ | usu /usu/ | ᠮᡠᡴᡝ /mukə/ |
| Moto | niár /niar/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɣal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡal/ | гал /ɡal/ | ghal /ʁal/ | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tuwa/ |
| Jua | 𘲺 /nair/ | šun /ʃun/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | нар /nar/ | nara /nara/ | ᠰᡠᠨ /sun/ |
| Mwezi | 𘭧 /sair/ | biya /bija/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | сар /sar/ | sara /sara/ | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /bija/ |
| Mama | eme /eme/ | eme /eme/ | ᠡᠭᠡ /eke/ | ᠡᠬᠡ /eke/ | ээж /eːdʒ/ | ana /ana/ | ᡝᠨᡞᠶᡝ /ənije/ |
| Baba | ai /ai/ | ama /ama/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /et͡ʃiɡe/ | аав /aːw/ | ada /ada/ | ᠠᠮᠠ /ama/ |
| Kula | idi /idi/ | jefu /dʒefu/ | ᠢᠳᠡ /ide/ | ᠢᠳᠡ- /ide-/ | идэх /idex/ | idi- /idi/ | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡞ /d͡ʒəmbi/ |
| Kunywa | umi /umi/ | omi /omi/ | ᠤᠭᠤ /uɣu/ | ᠤᠭᠤ- /uɣu-/ | уух /uːx/ | uu- /uː/ | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡞ /omibi/ |
| Upendo | nasun /nasun/ | gosi /ɡosi/ | ᠳᠤᠷᠠ /dura/ | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠ /xajira/ | хайр /xajr/ | durala- /durala/ | ᠴᡳᠯᡨᡠᠮᠪᡳ /t͡ʃiltumbi/ |
| Moyo | niyàmen /nijamen/ | niyaman /nijaman/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡ /dʒiryke/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ /d͡ʒirüke/ | зүрх /dzyrx/ | jürige /dʒyriɡe/ | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /nijaman/ |
| Mti | mau /mau/ | mo /mo/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤᠨ /modun/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤ /modu/ | мод /mod/ | modu /modu/ | ᠮᠣᠯᠣ /molo/ |
| Nyumba | boo /boː/ | boo /boː/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | гэр /ɡer/ | ger /ɡer/ | ᠪᠣᠣ /boː/ |
| Mbwa | 𘰕𘯛 /niaqan/ | indahǔn /indahuːn/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noxai/ | нохой /nɔxɔj/ | noghui /noʁui/ | ᠨᡳᠨᠳᠠᡥᡡᠨ /nindaxun/ |
| Paka | — /—/ | kesike /kesike/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | ᠮᠠᠭᠣ /maɣu/ | муур /muːr/ | mau /mau/ | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ |
| Mkono | ɣar /ɣar/ | gala /ɡala/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɣar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɡar/ | гар /ɡar/ | ghar /ʁar/ | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡala/ |
| Jicho | nït /nit/ | yasa /jasa/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ /nidyn/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦ /nidü/ | нүд /nyd/ | nidu /nidu/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jasa/ |
| Habari | — /—/ | — /—/ | ᠠᠮᠤᠷ /amur/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠤ /sajin uu/ | сайн уу /sajn uː/ | amur sain /amur sain/ | ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡝ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /niŋɡe sain/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠪᠠ /bajarlaba/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠯᠠ /bajarlala/ | баярлалаа /bajarlalaː/ | bayarla- /bajarla/ | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ |
| Moja | 𘬣 /omsu/ | emu /emu/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | нэг /neɡ/ | nige /niɡe/ | ᡝᠮᡠ /əmu/ |
| Nzuri | sayïn /sajin/ | sain /sain/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sain/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sajin/ | сайн /sajn/ | sain /sain/ | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sain/ |
Ukurasa 1/3
Ulinganishaji wa usomaji wa Han
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Para-Mongolic (Mongolic-Khitan branch, debated) zinazohusiana
| Herufi | Kikhitan | Promongoli | Kisibe | Pratungus | Kijurchen | Kimanchu | Kichina cha Yuan (Phags-pa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | om /əm/ | *nigen /*niɡen/ | emu /əmu/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | emu /emu/ | emu /emu/ | ʔi /ʔi/ |
| 二 | jur /dʒur/ | *qoyar /*qojar/ | juwe /d͡ʑuwə/ | *dʒuər /*d͡ʒuər/ | juwe /dʑuwe/ | juwe /d͡ʒuwə/ | ʐɨ /ʐɨ/ |
| 三 | gur /ɡur/ | *gurba(n) /*gurban/ | ilan /ilan/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | sam /sam/ |
| 四 | dur /dur/ | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ | duin /duin/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | sɿ /sɿ/ |
| 五 | tau /tau/ | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ | sunja /sund͡ʑa/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | sunja /sundʑa/ | sunja /sund͡ʒa/ | ʔu /ʔu/ |
| 六 | nil /nil/ | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | ninggun /niŋɢun/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | liw /liw/ |
| 七 | dalu /dalu/ | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ | nadan /nadan/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | tshi /tsʰi/ |
| 八 | naim /naim/ | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ | jakūn /d͡ʑaqun/ | *dʒapkun /*d͡ʒapkun/ | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | jakūn /d͡ʒakʰuːn/ | ba /pa/ |
| 九 | isen /isen/ | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ | uyun /ujun/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | kiw /kiw/ |
| 十 | par /par/ | *harba(n) /*harban/ | juwan /d͡ʑuwan/ | *dʒuwan /*d͡ʒuwan/ | juwan /dʑuwan/ | juwan /d͡ʒuwan/ | ši /ʂɨ/ |
| 日 | nair /nair/ | *naran /*naran/ | šun /ɕun/ | *siun /*siun/ | šun /ʃun/ | šun /ʃun/ | ʐɨ /ʐɨ/ |
| 月 | sair /sair/ | *sara(n) /*saran/ | biya /bija/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | ʔɥe /ʔɥe/ |
| 山 | ula /ʊla/ | *agula /*aɣula/ | alin /alin/ | *xada /*xada/ | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | šan /ʂan/ |
| 水 | us /ʊs/ | *usu(n) /*usun/ | muke /mutɕə/ | *mū /*muː/ | muke /muke/ | muke /mukə/ | šwi /ʂwi/ |
| 火 | gal /ɡal/ | *gal /*ɡal/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | xwo /xwɔ/ |
| 天 | teŋri /tʰeŋri/ | *teŋri /*teŋri/ | abka /apqa/ | *abka /*abka/ | abka /abka/ | abka /abka/ | thẽn /tʰjɛn/ |
| 馬 | morin /morin/ | *mori(n) /*morin/ | morin /mɔrin/ | *murin /*murin/ | morin /morin/ | morin /morin/ | ma /ma/ |
| 人 | küü /kʰuː/ | *kümün /*kymyn/ | niyalma /ɲalma/ | *niama /*niama/ | niyalma /nialma/ | niyalma /njalma/ | ʐin /ʐin/ |
Ukurasa 1/2
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