jušen gisun
Kijurchen
Kitungusi > kusini Kitungusi (mzao wa Kimanchu)
Jurchen (jušen gisun) ilikuwa lugha ya Tungusic iliyozungumzwa na Wajurchen, waanzilishi wa nasaba ya Jin (1115–1234) na mababu wa moja kwa moja wa Kimanchu. Vyanzo vikuu ni orodha ya maneno ya Nüzhen Yiyu ya wakati wa Ming (maneno karibu 900) na kamusi ya Jin Qizong (1984). Uandishi wa kisayansi unafuata mfumo wa Kane (1989); maingizo yasiyothibitishwa yanaonyeshwa kwa kistari.
Inakozungumzwa
Usomaji wa herufi za Han katika Kijurchen
| Herufi | Maana | Usomaji | Umbo | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | emu | /emu/ | |
| 二 | two | juwe | /dʑuwe/ | |
| 三 | three | ilan | /ilan/ | |
| 四 | four | duin | /duin/ | |
| 五 | five | sunja | /sundʑa/ | |
| 六 | six | ninggun | /niŋɡun/ | |
| 七 | seven | nadan | /nadan/ | |
| 八 | eight | jakūn | /dʑakɯn/ | |
| 九 | nine | uyun | /ujun/ | |
| 十 | ten | juwan | /dʑuwan/ | |
| 日 | sun | šun | /ʃun/ | |
| 月 | moon | biya | /bija/ | |
| 山 | mountain | alin | /alin/ | |
| 水 | water | muke | /muke/ | |
| 火 | fire | tuwa | /tuwa/ | |
| 木 | tree | moo | /moː/ | |
| 土 | soil | boihon | /boixon/ | |
| 天 | sky | abka | /abka/ | |
| 地 | ground | na | /na/ | |
| 海 | sea | mederi | /mederi/ | |
| 龍 | dragon | muduri | /muduri/ | |
| 虎 | tiger | tasha | /taʃa/ | |
| 犬 | dog | indahūn | /indaxɯn/ | |
| 馬 | horse | morin | /morin/ | |
| 鳥 | bird | gasha | /ɡaʃa/ | |
| 魚 | fish | nimaha | /nimaxa/ | |
| 牛 | ox | ihan | /ixan/ | |
| 羊 | sheep | honin | /xonin/ | |
| 人 | person | niyalma | /njalma/ | |
| 手 | hand | gala | /ɡala/ | |
| 足 | foot | bethe | /betxe/ | |
| 目 | eye | yasa | /jasa/ | |
| 耳 | ear | šan | /ʃan/ | |
| 口 | mouth | angga | /aŋɡa/ | |
| 頭 | head | uju | /udʑu/ | |
| 心 | heart | niyaman | /niaman/ | |
| 血 | blood | senggi | /səŋɡi/ | |
| 肉 | meat | yali | /jali/ | |
| 上 | up | dele | /dələ/ | |
| 下 | down | fejile | /fəjilə/ | |
| 中 | middle | dulin | /dulin/ | |
| 央 | center | dulimbai | /dulimbai/ | |
| 左 | left | hashū | /haʃɯ/ | |
| 右 | right | ici | /itɕi/ | |
| 東 | east | dergi | /dərɡi/ | |
| 西 | west | wargi | /warɡi/ | |
| 南 | south | julergi | /dʑulərɡi/ | |
| 北 | north | amargi | /amarɡi/ | |
| 行 | go | yabu- | /jabu-/ | |
| 来 | come | ji- | /dʑi-/ | |
| 去 | leave | gene- | /ɡənə-/ | |
| 見 | see | sabu- | /sabu-/ | |
| 聞 | hear | donji- | /dondʑi-/ | |
| 食 | eat | je- | /dʑe-/ | |
| 飲 | drink | omi- | /omi-/ | |
| 走 | run | suju- | /sudʑu-/ | |
| 坐 | sit | te- | /te-/ | |
| 立 | stand | ili- | /ili-/ |
Vyanzo
- Kane, Daniel. The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters. Indiana University, 1989.
- 女真譯語 (Nüzhen Yiyu), Ming Bureau of Translators / Bureau of Interpreters, c. 1500.
- 金啟孮 (Jin Qizong). 女真文辭典 (Dictionary of the Jurchen Script). Wenwu Press, Beijing, 1984.
- Grube, Wilhelm. Die Sprache und Schrift der Jučen. Leipzig, 1896.
- Wiktionary: Jurchen language entries (cross-checked against Kane and 女真譯語).
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Tungusic (Jurchen-Manchu) zinazohusiana
| Maana | Kijurchen | Kimanchu | Kisibe | Kinanai | Kikhitan | Kiudege | Kieven |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | muke /muke/ | ᠮᡠᡴᡝ /mukə/ | ᠮᡠᡴᡝ /mukə/ | муэ /mue/ | muri /muri/ | уй /uj/ | мӯ /muː/ |
| Moto | tuwa /tuwa/ | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tuwa/ | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tuwa/ | това /tova/ | niár /niar/ | тогбо /toɡbo/ | тоог /toːɡ/ |
| Jua | šun /ʃun/ | ᡧᡠᠨ /ʃun/ | ᠰᡠᠨ /sun/ | сиун /siun/ | 𘲺 /nair/ | даигаси /daiɡasi/ | нөлтэн /nølten/ |
| Mwezi | biya /bija/ | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /bija/ | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /bija/ | биа /bia/ | 𘭧 /sair/ | биа /bia/ | бяг /bjaɡ/ |
| Nyota | usiha /usixa/ | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ /usiˈχa/ | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ /usˈχa/ | хосякта /xoˈsʲakta/ | od /od/ | ваикта /ˈwaikta/ | осикат /oˈsikat/ |
| Mama | eme /eme/ | ᡝᠨᡳᠶᡝ /ənijə/ | ᡝᠨᡞᠶᡝ /ənije/ | энин /enin/ | eme /eme/ | энэ /ene/ | эньэн /eɲen/ |
| Baba | ama /ama/ | ᠠᠮᠠ /ama/ | ᠠᠮᠠ /ama/ | ама /ama/ | ai /ai/ | амэ /amə/ | аман /aman/ |
| Mimi | bi /bi/ | ᠪᡳ /bi/ | ᠪᡳ /bi/ | ми /mi/ | bi /bi/ | би /bi/ | би /bi/ |
| Wewe | si /ʃi/ | ᠰᡳ /si/ | ᠰᡳ /ɕi/ | си /si/ | ši /ʃi/ | си /si/ | хи /hiː/ |
| Jina | gebu /gəbu/ | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ /ɡəbu/ | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ /ɡəˈvu/ | гэрбу /gərˈbu/ | niru /niru/ | гэгбэ /gəgˈbə/ | гэрбэ /gərˈbə/ |
| Jicho | yasa /jasa/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jasa/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jasa/ | насал /nasal/ | nït /nit/ | яа /jaː/ | яса /jasa/ |
| Mkono | gala /ɡala/ | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡala/ | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡala/ | нгала /ŋala/ | ɣar /ɣar/ | нала /nala/ | нгал /ŋal/ |
| Moyo | niyaman /nijaman/ | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /nijaman/ | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /nijaman/ | миаван /miavan/ | niyàmen /nijamen/ | миаван /miavan/ | мяван /mjavan/ |
| Upendo | gosi /ɡosi/ | ᡥᠠᡳᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ /xairambi/ | ᠴᡳᠯᡨᡠᠮᠪᡳ /tʃiltumbi/ | эйини /ejini/ | nasun /nasun/ | чисанай /tʃisanaj/ | аякан /ajakan/ |
| Mti | mo /mo/ | ᠮᠣᠣ /moː/ | ᠮᠣᠯᠣ /molo/ | мо /mo/ | mau /mau/ | мо /mo/ | мо /mo/ |
| Nyumba | boo /boː/ | ᠪᠣᠣ /boː/ | ᠪᠣᠣ /boː/ | дё /dʒo/ | boo /boː/ | дзугди /dzuɡdi/ | дьу /dʒu/ |
| Mbwa | indahǔn /indahuːn/ | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /indaxuːn/ | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /indaxun/ | инда /inda/ | 𘰕𘯛 /niaqan/ | инай /inaj/ | нгин /ŋin/ |
| Paka | kesike /kesike/ | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | коси /kosi/ | — /—/ | кошк /koʃk/ | кошка /koʂka/ |
| Kula | jefu /dʒefu/ | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡳ /dʒəmbi/ | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡞ /dʒəmbi/ | депу /depu/ | idi /idi/ | джевэ /dʒevə/ | дьэб /dʒeb/ |
| Kunywa | omi /omi/ | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡳ /omibi/ | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡞ /omibi/ | омичи /omitʃi/ | umi /umi/ | омимэ /omimə/ | ум /um/ |
| Moja | emu /emu/ | ᠡᠮᡠ /əmu/ | ᡝᠮᡠ /əmu/ | эмун /emun/ | 𘬣 /omsu/ | омо /omo/ | омэн /omen/ |
| Mbili | juwe /dʑuwə/ | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ /dʒuwə/ | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ /dʒuə/ | дюэр /dʒuˈər/ | jur /dʒuːr/ | дюэ /dʒuˈə/ | дёр /dʲoːr/ |
| Habari | — /—/ | ᠰᡳ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /si sain/ | ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡝ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /niŋɡe sain/ | банди-банди /bandi bandi/ | — /—/ | бандиба /bandiba/ | дорова /dorova/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | банихан /banihan/ | — /—/ | нюхча /ɲuxtʃa/ | пасиба /pasiba/ |
| Nzuri | sain /sain/ | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sain/ | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sain/ | ая /aja/ | sayïn /sajin/ | ая /aja/ | ай /aj/ |
Ukurasa 1/4
Ulinganishaji wa usomaji wa Han
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Tungusic > Southern Tungusic (ancestor of Manchu) zinazohusiana
| Herufi | Kijurchen | Kimanchu | Kisibe | Pratungus | Promongoli | Kikhitan | Sinojapani cha Kale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | emu /emu/ | emu /emu/ | emu /əmu/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | *nigen /*niɡen/ | om /əm/ | iti /iti/ |
| 二 | juwe /dʑuwe/ | juwe /dʒuwə/ | juwe /dʑuwə/ | *dʒuər /*dʒuər/ | *qoyar /*qojar/ | jur /dʒur/ | ni /ɲi/ |
| 三 | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | *gurba(n) /*gurban/ | gur /ɡur/ | sam /sam/ |
| 四 | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ | dur /dur/ | si /ɕi/ |
| 五 | sunja /sundʑa/ | sunja /sundʒa/ | sunja /sundʑa/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ | tau /tau/ | go /ŋo/ |
| 六 | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | ninggun /niŋɢun/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | nil /nil/ | roku /roku/ |
| 七 | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ | dalu /dalu/ | siti /ɕiti/ |
| 八 | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | jakūn /dʒakʰuːn/ | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | *dʒapkun /*dʒapkun/ | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ | naim /naim/ | pati /pati/ |
| 九 | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ | isen /isen/ | kiu /kiu/ |
| 十 | juwan /dʑuwan/ | juwan /dʒuwan/ | juwan /dʑuwan/ | *dʒuwan /*dʒuwan/ | *harba(n) /*harban/ | par /par/ | zipu /ʑipu/ |
| 日 | šun /ʃun/ | šun /ʃun/ | šun /ɕun/ | *siun /*siun/ | *naran /*naran/ | nair /nair/ | niti /ɲiti/ |
| 月 | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | *sara(n) /*saran/ | sair /sair/ | gwati /ŋwati/ |
| 山 | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | *xada /*xada/ | *agula /*aɣula/ | ula /ʊla/ | san /san/ |
| 水 | muke /muke/ | muke /mukə/ | muke /mutɕə/ | *mū /*muː/ | *usu(n) /*usun/ | us /ʊs/ | swi /swi/ |
| 火 | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | *gal /*ɡal/ | gal /ɡal/ | kwa /kwa/ |
| 木 | moo /moː/ | moo /moː/ | moo /mɔː/ | *mō /*moː/ | *modu(n) /*modun/ | — | moku /moku/ |
| 土 | boihon /boixon/ | boihon /bojxon/ | boihon /bɔiʁɔn/ | *na /*na/ | *sirui /*siruj/ | — | do /do/ |
| 天 | abka /abka/ | abka /abka/ | abka /apka/ | *abka /*abka/ | *teŋri /*teŋri/ | teŋri /tʰeŋri/ | ten /ten/ |
| 地 | na /na/ | na /na/ | na /na/ | *na /*na/ | *gajar /*ɡadʒar/ | — | di /di/ |
| 海 | mederi /mederi/ | mederi /medəri/ | mederi /mədəri/ | *lāmu /*laːmu/ | *dalai /*dalaj/ | — | kai /kai/ |
| 龍 | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | — | — | — | riu /riu/ |
| 虎 | tasha /taʃa/ | tasha /taʃa/ | tasha /taɕa/ | — | — | — | ko /ko/ |
| 犬 | indahūn /indaxɯn/ | indahūn /indaxuːn/ | indahūn /indaʁun/ | *ŋinda /*ŋinda/ | *noxai /*noxaj/ | — | ken /ken/ |
| 馬 | morin /morin/ | morin /morin/ | morin /mɔrin/ | *murin /*murin/ | *mori(n) /*morin/ | morin /morin/ | me /me/ |
| 鳥 | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | gasha /ɢaɕa/ | *gasa /*ɡasa/ | *sibawun /*sibaʊn/ | — | teu /teu/ |
| 魚 | nimaha /nimaxa/ | nimaha /nimaxa/ | nimaha /nimaʁa/ | *nimaka /*nimaka/ | *jigasu(n) /*dʒiɣasun/ | — | go /ŋo/ |
| 牛 | ihan /ixan/ | ihan /ixan/ | ihan /iʁan/ | *xuker /*xuker/ | *hüker /*hyker/ | — | gu /ŋu/ |
| 羊 | honin /xonin/ | honin /xonin/ | honin /χɔnin/ | — | *honi(n) /*honin/ | — | yau /jau/ |
| 人 | niyalma /njalma/ | niyalma /njalma/ | niyalma /ɲalma/ | *niama /*niama/ | *kümün /*kymyn/ | küü /kʰuː/ | nin /ɲin/ |
| 手 | gala /ɡala/ | gala /ɡala/ | gala /ɢala/ | *ŋāla /*ŋaːla/ | *gar /*ɡar/ | — | syu /ɕu/ |
| 足 | bethe /betxe/ | bethe /bətxə/ | bethe /bətxə/ | *bəgdi /*bəɡdi/ | *köl /*kœl/ | — | soku /soku/ |
| 目 | yasa /jasa/ | yasa /jasa/ | yasa /jaza/ | *jāsa /*jaːsa/ | *nidün /*nidyn/ | — | moku /moku/ |
| 耳 | šan /ʃan/ | šan /ʃan/ | šan /ɕan/ | *sēn /*seːn/ | *cikin /*tʃikin/ | — | ni /ɲi/ |
| 口 | angga /aŋɡa/ | angga /aŋɡa/ | angga /aŋɢa/ | *amŋa /*amŋa/ | *aman /*aman/ | — | kou /kou/ |
| 頭 | uju /udʑu/ | uju /udʒu/ | uju /udʑu/ | *dil /*dil/ | *terixün /*terixyn/ | — | tou /tou/ |
| 心 | niyaman /niaman/ | niyaman /njaman/ | niyaman /ɲaman/ | *mēwan /*meːwan/ | *jirüken /*dʒiryken/ | — | sim /ɕim/ |
| 血 | senggi /səŋɡi/ | senggi /səŋɡi/ | senggi /səŋɣi/ | *sēksə /*seːksə/ | *cisu(n) /*tʃisun/ | — | keti /keti/ |
| 肉 | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | *uldʒə /*uldʒə/ | *mika(n) /*mikan/ | — | niku /ɲiku/ |
| 上 | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | *ugi /*uɡi/ | *degere /*deɡere/ | — | zyau /ʑau/ |
| 下 | fejile /fəjilə/ | fejile /fədʒilə/ | fejile /fədʑilə/ | *xərgi /*xərɡi/ | *doxora /*doxora/ | — | ge /ŋe/ |
| 中 | dulin /dulin/ | dulimba /dulimba/ | dulimba /dulimba/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | *dumda /*dumda/ | — | tyuu /tʲuu/ |
| 央 | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | — | au /au/ |
| 左 | hashū /haʃɯ/ | hashū /xaʃuː/ | hashū /χaɕu/ | *dʒəgün /*dʒəɡyn/ | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | — | sa /sa/ |
| 右 | ici /itɕi/ | ici /itʃi/ | ici /itɕi/ | *aŋān /*aŋaːn/ | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | — | u /u/ |
| 東 | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | — | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | — | tou /tou/ |
| 西 | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | — | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | — | sai /sai/ |
| 南 | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | julergi /dʒulərɡi/ | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | — | *emüne /*emyne/ | — | nam /nam/ |
| 北 | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | — | *hoyitu /*hojitu/ | — | poku /poku/ |
| 行 | yabu- /jabu-/ | yabumbi /jabumbi/ | yabumbi /jawum/ | *jabu- /*jabu-/ | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | — | gyau /ŋʲau/ |
| 来 | ji- /dʑi-/ | jimbi /dʒimbi/ | jimbi /dʑim/ | *əmə- /*əmə-/ | *ire- /*ire-/ | — | rai /rai/ |
| 去 | gene- /ɡənə-/ | genembi /ɡənəmbi/ | genembi /ɡənəm/ | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | *od- /*od-/ | — | ko /ko/ |
| 見 | sabu- /sabu-/ | sabumbi /sabumbi/ | sabumbi /sabum/ | *ičə- /*itʃə-/ | *üje- /*ydʒe-/ | — | ken /ken/ |
| 聞 | donji- /dondʑi-/ | donjimbi /dondʒimbi/ | donjimbi /dɔndʑim/ | *dōldi- /*doːldi-/ | *sonos- /*sonos-/ | — | mon /mon/ |
| 食 | je- /dʑe-/ | jembi /dʒəmbi/ | jembi /dʑəm/ | *dʒəp- /*dʒəp-/ | *ide- /*ide-/ | — | ziki /ʑiki/ |
| 飲 | omi- /omi-/ | omimbi /omimbi/ | omimbi /ɔmim/ | *umī- /*umiː-/ | *uxu- /*uxu-/ | — | on /on/ |
| 走 | suju- /sudʑu-/ | sujumbi /sudʒumbi/ | sujumbi /sudʑum/ | *tuksa- /*tuksa-/ | *güyü- /*ɡyjy-/ | — | sou /sou/ |
| 坐 | te- /te-/ | tembi /təmbi/ | tembi /təm/ | *təgə- /*təɡə-/ | *saxu- /*saxu-/ | — | za /za/ |
| 立 | ili- /ili-/ | ilimbi /ilimbi/ | ilimbi /ilim/ | *ili- /*ili-/ | *bos- /*bos-/ | — | ripu /ripu/ |
Ukurasa 1/6
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