𒅴𒂠

Sumerian

Language isolate · historical / hidden variety

FamilyLanguage isolate SpeakersExtinct ScriptCuneiform CountriesAncient Sumer (southern Iraq) Official inSumerian city-states Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3sux

Sumerian (𒅴𒂠 eme-gir, "native tongue") is the oldest known written language (cuneiform attestations from c. 3100 BCE in Uruk), recorded for over three millennia in southern Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq). A language isolate with no proven genetic relationship to any other language. Sumerian gave humanity writing (cuneiform), the earliest known literature (Epic of Gilgamesh, c. 2100 BCE), the first law codes (Ur-Nammu c. 2050 BCE), school exercises, mathematics (sexagesimal system, basis of our 60-second/60-minute time and 360° circle), and astronomy. Even after dying as a spoken language by c. 2000 BCE (replaced by Akkadian), Sumerian remained the prestige scholarly and liturgical language of Mesopotamia until the 1st c. CE.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Sumerian

Water

𒀀

/a/

Fire

𒉈

/izi/

Sun

𒌓

/utu/

Moon

𒌗

/itud/

Mother

𒂼

/ama/

Father

𒀀𒁀

/abːa/

Eat

𒅥

/ɡu/

Drink

𒅘

/naŋ/

Love

𒆠𒀀𒄀

/ki.aŋ/

Heart

𒊮

/ʃa/

Tree

𒄑

/ŋeʃ/

House

𒂍

/e/

Dog

𒌨

/ur/

Cat

𒌓𒊬

/ʃa.tur/

Hand

𒋗

/ʃu/

Eye

𒅊

/iɡi/

Hello

𒁲

/silim/

Thank you

/—/

One

𒀸

/diʃ/

Good

𒊩𒌆

/sig/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Language isolate languages

Meaning SumerianNorthern QiangHurrianChamBasqueHadzaElamite
Water 𒀀 /a/ cu /tsu/ 𒅆𒂊 /ʃie/ ia /ja/ ur /ur/ ʼati /ʔati/ 𒄭 /hi/
Fire 𒉈 /izi/ mi /mi/ 𒋫𒌅 /tatu/ apuei /apuei/ su /su/ ʼimi /ʔimi/ 𒉺𒅈 /par/
Sun 𒌓 /utu/ mu /mu/ 𒅆𒈨𒄀 /ʃimeɡi/ aditiak /aditiak/ eguzki /eɣuski/ ʼisha /ʔiʃa/ 𒀭𒈾𒄴𒄭𒌅 /nahhunte/
Moon 𒌗 /itud/ nyi /ɲi/ 𒆪𒋢𒄴 /kuʃuh/ bilan /bilan/ ilargi /ilaɾɣi/ heto /heto/ 𒀭𒈾𒁉𒅕 /napir/
Mother 𒂼 /ama/ ami /ami/ 𒂊𒈾 /ena/ mai /mai/ ama /ama/ ama /ama/ 𒀀𒈠 /amma/
Father 𒀀𒁀 /abːa/ apa /apa/ 𒀜𒋫𒀀𒄿 /attai/ amaa /amaː/ aita /aita/ aba /aba/ 𒀜𒋫 /atta/
Eat 𒅥 /ɡu/ ndzu /ndzu/ 𒄠 /am/ huak /huak/ jan /jan/ ʼicha /ʔitʃa/ 𒄩𒊭 /haʃ/
Drink 𒅘 /naŋ/ ndhu /ndʱu/ 𒈾𒄴𒉿 /nahw/ maum /maum/ edan /eðan/ ʼo /ʔoː/ 𒉡 /nu/
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Word order compared

Compare with major world languages

Sumerian
𒈠|ma 𒂍𒉡𒌦|e₂-nu-un 𒆠𒁀|ki-ba 𒂍𒌓|e₂-ud 𒆠|ki 𒁀𒊏|ba-ra 𒆠𒁀|ki-ba 𒊏|ra 𒁉|bi
أنا أريد أن أجرب بدلة رأيتها في محل مقابل الفندق
试穿 酒店 对面的 商店 看到的 那套西装
I want to try on a suit I saw ‌in a shop across from the hotel
Ich möchte einen Anzug anprobieren den ich in einem Geschäft gegenüber vom Hotel gesehen habe
मैं होटल के सामने एक दुकान में देखा सूट को पहनकर देखना चाहता हूँ
私は ホテルの 向かいの お店 見た スーツを 試着 したいです
Я хочу примерить костюм который я увидел в магазине напротив отеля

Compare with closely-related languages

クアニ トイタ ノ ペカ ウェン パ ヌカラ アミプ ルスイ
Nik hotelaren aurreko dendan ikusi nuen trajea probatu nahi dut
Sumerian
𒈠|ma 𒂍𒉡𒌦|e₂-nu-un 𒆠𒁀|ki-ba 𒂍𒌓|e₂-ud 𒆠|ki 𒁀𒊏|ba-ra 𒆠𒁀|ki-ba 𒊏|ra 𒁉|bi

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