Warao

Language isolate

FamilyLanguage isolate Speakers~28K (Venezuela ~26K + small Guyana/Suriname) ScriptLatin CountriesVenezuela Official inNo nationally (Spanish is official; indigenous languages are official for indigenous peoples under Article 9 of the 1999 Venezuelan Constitution) Vitalityvulnerable ISO 639-3wba

Warao (the autonym means "boat-people" — wa "canoe" + arao "people of") is a language isolate spoken in the Orinoco Delta of eastern Venezuela by ~28,000 speakers, with smaller groups in adjacent Guyana and Suriname. The Warao are riverine canoe-builders whose language has been resistant to genealogical classification — proposals linking it to Macro-Paezan or to Chibchan have not gained acceptance. Warao has unusually rich vocabulary for water, boats, and aquatic life reflecting their delta environment, and uses ergative-like alignment patterns with extensive use of nominal-clause structures. Maintained by relative isolation in the swampy delta, but increasingly under pressure from Spanish.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Warao

Water

hoidu

/hojdu/

Fire

hekunu

/hekunu/

Sun

ya

/ja/

Moon

waniku

/waniku/

Star

kura

/kura/

Mother

dani

/dani/

Father

daka

/daka/

I

ine

/ine/

You

ihi

/ihi/

Name

wai

/wai/

Eye

mu

/mu/

Hand

mojo

/moho/

Heart

obonona

/obonona/

Love

anaubu

/anaubu/

Tree

dau

/daw/

House

hanoko

/hanoko/

Dog

aurahu

/auɾahu/

Cat

mishi

/miʃi/

Eat

nahoro

/nahoɾo/

Drink

osi

/osi/

One

hisaka

/hisaka/

Two

manamo

/manamo/

Hello

yakera

/jakeɾa/

Thank you

kase

/kase/

Good

yakera

/jakeɾa/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Language isolate languages

Meaning WaraoMisakTangkhul NagaAsháninkaShipibo-ConiboSumoMasaaba
Water hoidu /hojdu/ unø /unø/ ze /ze/ nija /nidʒa/ jene /hene/ was /was/ kamaatsi /kamaːtsi/
Fire hekunu /hekunu/ nipi /nipi/ mei /mei/ paamari /paːmaɾi/ chii /tʃiː/ kuh /kuh/ kamulilo /kamulilo/
Sun ya /ja/ shi /ʃi/ nyithui /ɲitʰui/ oorya /oːɾja/ bari /bari/ ma /ma/ suuba /suːba/
Moon waniku /waniku/ atru /atɾu/ lai /lai/ kashiri /kaʃiɾi/ oxe /oʃe/ waikuh /waikuh/ umweesi /umweːsi/
Star kura /kura/ kualøm /kwalʌm/ sira /siraː/ impoquiro /impokiɾo/ wishati /wiʃati/ sirihma /siɾihma/ kumunyeenye /kumuɲeːɲe/
Mother dani /dani/ mama /mama/ ina /ina/ ina /ina/ tita /tita/ nuh /nuh/ mayi /maji/
Father daka /daka/ tata /tata/ apa /apa/ apa /apa/ papa /papa/ papang /papaŋ/ papa /papa/
I ine /ine/ na /na/ i /i/ naaka /naːka/ ea /ea/ yang /jaŋ/ ise /ise/
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