Igbo
Niger-Congo
Igbo is one of West Africa's three major Nigerian languages (alongside Hausa and Yoruba), with ~24M L1 speakers in southeastern Nigeria across Anambra, Imo, Abia, Ebonyi, and Enugu states. It is tonal (high/low + downstep) with ATR vowel harmony and a 30+ vowel inventory across dialects; the Ọnwụ orthography (1962) standardized the writing system. Igbo culture and oral literature reached global readership through Chinua Achebe's "Things Fall Apart" (1958), and the language preserves a rich proverb/idiom tradition (ilu) considered the highest form of Igbo verbal art.
Where it is spoken
20 core words in Igbo
Water
mmiri
/mːiɾi/
Fire
ọkụ
/ɔkʊ/
Sun
anyanwụ
/aɲaŋwʊ/
Moon
ọnwa
/ɔŋwa/
Mother
nne
/nːe/
Father
nna
/nːa/
Eat
iri
/iɾi/
Drink
ịṅụ
/ɪŋʊ/
Love
ịhụnanya
/ɪhʊnaɲa/
Heart
obi
/obi/
Tree
osisi
/osisi/
House
ụlọ
/ʊlɔ/
Dog
nkịta
/ŋkɪta/
Cat
nwamba
/ŋwamba/
Hand
aka
/aka/
Eye
anya
/aɲa/
Hello
nnọọ
/nːɔː/
Thank you
daalụ
/daːlʊ/
One
otu
/otu/
Good
ọma
/ɔma/
Sources
Words compared
Compared with related Niger-Congo languages
| Meaning | Igbo | Ekpeye | Izii | Luganda | Soga | Venda | Senoufo Supyire |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | mmiri /mːiɾi/ | mini /mini/ | mini /mini/ | amazzi /amaːzːi/ | amaaji /amaːdʒi/ | maḓi /maɖi/ | lwɔ /lwɔ/ |
| Fire | ọkụ /ɔkʊ/ | oku /oku/ | oku /oku/ | omuliro /omuliɾo/ | omuliro /omuliɾo/ | mulilo /mulilo/ | fyaa /fjaː/ |
| Sun | anyanwụ /aɲaŋwʊ/ | anwu /aŋwu/ | anwu /aŋwu/ | enjuba /eɲɟuba/ | enjuba /eɲɟuba/ | ḓuvha /ɖuvʱa/ | kanha /kaɲa/ |
| Moon | ọnwa /ɔŋwa/ | onwa /oŋwa/ | onwa /oŋwa/ | omwezi /omwezi/ | omwezi /omwezi/ | ṅwedzi /ŋwedzi/ | cuoꞌngo /tʃuoŋɡo/ |
| Mother | nne /nːe/ | nne /nːe/ | nne /nːe/ | maama /maːma/ | maama /maːma/ | mme /mːe/ | naa /naː/ |
| Father | nna /nːa/ | nna /nːa/ | nna /nːa/ | taata /taːta/ | taata /taːta/ | khotsi /kʰotsi/ | saa /saː/ |
| Eat | iri /iɾi/ | ri /ɾi/ | ri /ɾi/ | kulya /kulja/ | kulya /kulja/ | u ḽa /u ɭa/ | kanyi /kaɲi/ |
| Drink | ịṅụ /ɪŋʊ/ | ñu /ɲu/ | nu /nu/ | kunywa /kuɲʷa/ | kunywa /kuɲʷa/ | u ṅwa /u ŋwa/ | nyaha /ɲaha/ |
| Love | ịhụnanya /ɪhʊnaɲa/ | ihunanya /ihunaɲa/ | ihunanya /ihunaɲa/ | okwagala /okwaːɡala/ | kwagala /kwaɡala/ | lufuno /lufuno/ | lyɛnɛ /ʎɛnɛ/ |
| Heart | obi /obi/ | obi /obi/ | obi /obi/ | omutima /omutima/ | omutima /omutima/ | mbilu /mbilu/ | urɔ /uɾɔ/ |
| Tree | osisi /osisi/ | osisi /osisi/ | osisi /osisi/ | omuti /omuti/ | omuti /omuti/ | muri /muɾi/ | kapyiŋi /kapjiŋi/ |
| House | ụlọ /ʊlɔ/ | ulo /ulo/ | ulo /ulo/ | ennyumba /eɲɲumba/ | enju /eɲɟu/ | nnḓu /nɖu/ | nyiŋkanaŋa /ɲiŋkanaŋa/ |
| Dog | nkịta /ŋkɪta/ | nkita /ŋkita/ | nkita /ŋkita/ | embwa /embwa/ | embwa /embwa/ | mmbwa /mːbwa/ | fwo /fwo/ |
| Cat | nwamba /ŋwamba/ | nwamba /ŋwamba/ | nwamba /ŋwamba/ | kkapa /kːapa/ | enkaaku /eŋkaːku/ | katse /katse/ | baha /baha/ |
| Hand | aka /aka/ | aka /aka/ | aka /aka/ | omukono /omukono/ | omukono /omukono/ | tshanḓa /tʃʰaɳɖa/ | kya /kja/ |
| Eye | anya /aɲa/ | anya /aɲa/ | anya /aɲa/ | eriiso /eɾiːso/ | eriiso /eɾiːso/ | ito /ito/ | fyaha /fjaha/ |
| Hello | nnọọ /nːɔː/ | nno /nːo/ | ndo /ndo/ | oli otya /oli otja/ | mwaakire /mwaːkiɾe/ | ndaa /ndaː/ | mɛ /mɛ/ |
| Thank you | daalụ /daːlʊ/ | imela /imela/ | ima ego /ima eɡo/ | webale /weːbale/ | weebale /weːbale/ | ndo livhuwa /ndo livʱuwa/ | fenge /feŋɡe/ |
| One | otu /otu/ | otu /otu/ | otu /otu/ | emu /emu/ | ndala /ndala/ | nthihi /ntʰihi/ | ni /ni/ |
| Good | ọma /ɔma/ | oma /oma/ | oma /oma/ | kirungi /tʃiɾuŋɡi/ | bulungi /buluŋɡi/ | zwavhuḓi /zwavʱuɖi/ | nyaha /ɲaha/ |
Word order compared
Compare with major world languages
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