Paraguayan Spanish

Paraguayan Spanish (language tag es-PY) is the Spanish variety used by about six million people in Paraguay, where Spanish and Guaraní have been nationwide official languages since the 1992 Constitution. Extensive bilingualism produces a continuum from formal Spanish to contact-rich colloquial speech, with code-switching and mixed forms varying by speaker and setting. Long contact with Guaraní is visible in loanwords, calques, discourse particles, and some patterns of pronunciation and grammar, but these features are not uniform across the population. Informal singular address normally uses vos with corresponding verb forms; many speakers, especially older and rural ones, retain the distinction between ll /ʎ/ and y /ʝ/, while yeísmo is spreading among younger urban speakers. Formal writing follows general standard Spanish and the conventions promoted by the Paraguayan Academy of the Spanish Language.