castellano

Old Spanish

Indo-European (Romance, Ibero-Romance, Castilian) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyIndo-European (Romance, Ibero-Romance, Castilian) SpeakersExtinct as L1 ScriptLatin CountriesKingdom of Castile (modern central and northern Spain) Official inKingdom of Castile (10th-15th c.) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3osp

Old Spanish / Old Castilian is the Romance language of the Kingdom of Castile from the 10th to the 15th centuries CE, the direct ancestor of modern Spanish. It descends from Vulgar Latin in Cantabria-Castile, with significant Visigothic and Andalusi Arabic substrate/adstrate (Arabic loans for science, agriculture, administration: aceite, azúcar, álgebra, almohada). Major literary monuments include the anonymous epic Cantar de mio Cid (~1207 CE), the Glosas Emilianenses (10th c., the oldest surviving Romance text in Iberia), the Castilian translations under Alfonso X el Sabio (13th c.), and Juan Ruiz's Libro de buen amor (~1330). Old Spanish phonology (with /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /ts/, /dz/ that later collapsed) was reformed by 1492 standardization (Nebrija's Gramática).

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Old Spanish

Water

agua

/ˈaɣwa/

Fire

fuego

/ˈfweɣo/

Sun

sol

/sol/

Moon

luna

/ˈluna/

Mother

madre

/ˈmaðre/

Father

padre

/ˈpaðre/

Eat

comer

/koˈmeɾ/

Drink

bever

/beˈveɾ/

Love

amor

/aˈmoɾ/

Heart

coraçón

/koɾaˈt͡son/

Tree

árbor

/ˈaɾβoɾ/

House

casa

/ˈkaza/

Dog

can

/kan/

Cat

gato

/ˈɡato/

Hand

mano

/ˈmano/

Eye

ojo

/ˈoʒo/

Hello

salud

/saˈlud/

Thank you

mercedes

/meɾˈt͡seðes/

One

uno

/ˈuno/

Good

bono

/ˈbono/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European (Romance, Ibero-Romance, Castilian) languages

Meaning Old SpanishGolden Age Spanish (Siglo de Oro)Spanish (Europe)AragoneseAsturianChavacanoMirandese
Water agua /ˈaɣwa/ agua /ˈaɣwa/ agua /ˈaɣwa/ augua /ˈawɡwa/ agua /ˈaɣwa/ agua /ˈaɡwa/ auga /ˈawɣa/
Fire fuego /ˈfweɣo/ fuego /ˈfweɣo/ fuego /ˈfweɣo/ fuego /ˈfweɣo/ fueu /ˈfweu/ fuego /ˈfweɡo/ fuogo /ˈfwoɣu/
Sun sol /sol/ sol /sol/ sol /sol/ sol /sol/ sol /sol/ sol /sol/ sol /sɔl/
Moon luna /ˈluna/ luna /ˈluna/ luna /ˈluna/ luna /ˈluna/ lluna /ˈʎuna/ luna /ˈluna/ luna /ˈluna/
Mother madre /ˈmaðre/ madre /ˈmadɾe/ madre /ˈmaðɾe/ mai /maj/ ma /ma/ nana /ˈnana/ mai /maj/
Father padre /ˈpaðre/ padre /ˈpadɾe/ padre /ˈpaðɾe/ pai /paj/ pa /pa/ tata /ˈtata/ pai /paj/
Eat comer /koˈmeɾ/ comer /koˈmeɾ/ comer /koˈmeɾ/ minchar /minˈt͡ʃaɾ/ comer /koˈmeɾ/ come /koˈme/ comer /koˈmeɾ/
Drink bever /beˈveɾ/ beuer /beˈβeɾ/ beber /beˈβeɾ/ beber /beˈβeɾ/ beber /beˈβeɾ/ bebe /beˈbe/ bubir /buˈβiɾ/
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