한국 한자음

Korean

Koreanic

FamilyKoreanic Speakers約8100万人 (L1) / 約8200万人 (L1+L2) RomanizationRevised Romanisation of Korean (국어의 로마자 표기법) ReadingSino-Korean (한자음, Hanja reading)

Sino-Korean (한자음) is a single-layer reading system borrowed in the late Unified Silla / early Goryeo period (8th–10th c. CE) from a Tang-derived northeastern Chinese prestige variety. Preserves -p/-t/-k checked codas (as -p/-l/-k) and -m/-n/-ng nasals. Signature feature: original -t became -l (e.g. 一 il, 月 wol).

Where it is spoken

Han character readings in Korean

Character Meaning Reading Form IPA
one il /il/
two i /i/
three sam /sam/
four sa /sa/
five o /o/
six yuk /juk̚/
seven chil /t͡ɕʰil/
eight pal /pʰal/
nine gu /ku/
ten sip /ɕip̚/
sun il /il/
moon wol /wol/
mountain san /san/
water su /su/
fire hwa /hwa/
tree mok /mok̚/
soil to /tʰo/
sky cheon /t͡ɕʰʌn/
ground ji /t͡ɕi/
sea hae /hɛ/
dragon yong /joŋ/
tiger ho /ho/
dog gyeon /kjʌn/
horse ma /ma/
bird jo /t͡ɕo/
fish eo /ʌ/
ox u /u/
sheep yang /jaŋ/
cat myo /mjo/
person in /in/
hand su /su/
foot jok /t͡ɕok̚/
eye mok /mok̚/
ear i /i/
mouth gu /ku/
head du /tu/
heart sim /ɕim/
blood hyeol /çjʌl/
meat yuk /juk̚/
up sang /saŋ/
down ha /ha/
middle jung /t͡ɕuŋ/
hit jung /t͡ɕuŋ/
center ang /aŋ/
left jwa /t͡ɕwa/
right u /u/
east dong /toŋ/
西 west seo /sʌ/
south nam /nam/
north buk /puk̚/
go haeng /hɛŋ/
row hang /haŋ/
come nae /nɛ/
leave geo /kʌ/
see gyeon /kjʌn/
hear mun /mun/
eat sik /ɕik̚/
drink eum /ɯm/
run ju /t͡ɕu/
sit jwa /t͡ɕwa/
stand ip /ip̚/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Koreanic languages

Meaning KoreanKorean (DPRK)Korean (Busan)Yanbian KoreanKorean (Hamgyong)Korean (Jeolla)Korean (Early Modern)
Water /mul/ /mul/ /mul/ /mul/ /mul/ /mul/ /mɯl/
Fire /pul/ /pul/ /pul/ /pul/ /pul/ /pul/ /pɯl/
Sun /hɛ/ /hɛ/ /hɛ/ /hɛ/ /hɛ/ /hɛ/ ᄒᆡ /hʌj/
Moon /tal/ /tal/ /tal/ /tal/ /tal/ /tal/ /tal/
Mother 어머니 /ʌmʌni/ 어머니 /ʌmʌni/ 엄마 /ʌmma/ 오마니 /omani/ 어머이 /ʌmʌi/ 어매 /ʌmɛ/ 어미 /ʌmi/
Father 아버지 /abʌd͡ʑi/ 아버지 /abʌd͡ʑi/ 아부지 /abud͡ʑi/ 아바이 /abai/ 아바이 /abai/ 아베 /abe/ 아비 /abi/
Eat 먹다 /mʌk̚t͈a/ 먹어 /mʌɡʌ/ 묵어 /muɡʌ/ 먹어 /mʌɡʌ/ 먹어 /mʌɡʌ/ 묵어 /muɡʌ/ 먹다 /mʌk̚t͈a/
Drink 마시다 /maɕida/ 마셔 /maɕjʌ/ 마셔 /maɕjʌ/ 마셔 /maɕjʌ/ 마셔 /maɕjʌ/ 마셔 /maɕjʌ/ 마시다 /maɕida/
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Word order compared

Compare with major world languages

Korean
저는 호텔 맞은편 가게 ‌에서 양복을 입어보고 싶어요
أنا أريد أن أجرب بدلة رأيتها في محل مقابل الفندق
试穿 酒店 对面的 商店 看到的 那套西装
I want to try on a suit I saw ‌in a shop across from the hotel
Ich möchte einen Anzug anprobieren den ich in einem Geschäft gegenüber vom Hotel gesehen habe
मैं होटल के सामने एक दुकान में देखा सूट को पहनकर देखना चाहता हूँ
私は ホテルの 向かいの お店 見た スーツを 試着 したいです
Я хочу примерить костюм который я увидел в магазине напротив отеля

Compare with closely-related languages

저는 호텔 맞은편 가게 ‌에서 양복을 입어보고 싶수다
Korean
저는 호텔 맞은편 가게 ‌에서 양복을 입어보고 싶어요
저는 호텔 맞은편 가게 ‌에서 양복을 입어보고 싶습니데이
저는 호텔 맞은편 가게 ‌에서 양복을 입어보고 싶습니다
저는 旅館 맞은편 가게 ‌에서 衣服을 입어보고 싶사이다

Han readings compared

Compared with related Koreanic languages

Character KoreanKorean (DPRK)Zainichi Korean Sino-readingKorean (Busan)Middle KoreanOld Japanese on-yomiYuan Phags-pa Chinese
il /il/ il /il/ il /iɾɯ/ ilH /il˥/ ·qilq /ʔilʔ˥/ iti /iti/ ʔi /ʔi/
i /i/ i /i/ i /i/ iH /i˥/ ·zi /zi˥/ ni /ɲi/ ʐɨ /ʐɨ/
sam /sam/ sam /sam/ sam /sam/ samH /sam˥/ sam /sam˩/ sam /sam/ sam /sam/
sa /sa/ sa /sa/ sa /sa/ saH /sa˥/ ·sʌ /sʌ˥/ si /ɕi/ sɿ /sɿ/
o /o/ o /o/ o /o/ o:LH /oː˩˧/ :ngwo /ŋo˩˥/ go /ŋo/ ʔu /ʔu/
yuk /juk̚/ ryuk /ɾjuk̚/ yuk /jukɯ/ yukH /juk˥/ ·lyuk /ljuk̚˥/ roku /roku/ liw /liw/
chil /t͡ɕʰil/ ch'il /tsʰil/ chil /t͡ɕiɾɯ/ chilH /tɕʰil˥/ ·chilq /tsʰilʔ˥/ siti /ɕiti/ tshi /tsʰi/
pal /pʰal/ p'al /pʰal/ pal /paɾɯ/ phalH /pʰal˥/ ·palq /palʔ˥/ pati /pati/ ba /pa/
gu /ku/ ku /ku/ gu /ku/ gu:LH /kuː˩˧/ :kwu /ku˩˥/ kiu /kiu/ kiw /kiw/
sip /ɕip̚/ sip /ɕip̚/ sip /ɕipɯ/ sipH /ɕip˥/ ·ssip /s͈ip̚˥/ zipu /ʑipu/ ši /ʂɨ/
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