한국어 (부산 / 경상도)

Korean (Busan)

Koreanic

FamilyKoreanic Speakers約1300万人 (慶尚道方言全体) Region경상남도, South Korea ReadingSino-Korean (Gyeongsang pitch-accent)

Busan and the broader Gyeongsang dialect region retain a pitch-accent system inherited from Middle Korean, which itself reflected the tonal contrasts of Sino-Korean borrowings from medieval Chinese. Each Sino-Korean syllable carries one of three pitch classes: H (high, short), L (low, short), or LH (long-rising), corresponding to the Middle Korean 去聲, 平聲, and 上聲 respectively. This contrasts sharply with Seoul Standard Korean, which lost lexical tone entirely around the 16th–17th century. Minimal pairs such as 손˥ (hand) versus 손˩ (guest) demonstrate that pitch remains phonemically contrastive in Busan speech. The data here follows the pitch assignments documented by Choi Myeong-ok and Lee Hyeok-hwa for the Gyeongsang region.

Where it is spoken

Han character readings in Korean (Busan)

Character Meaning Reading Form IPA
one ilH /il˥/
two iH /i˥/
three samH /sam˥/
four saH /sa˥/
five o:LH /oː˩˧/
six yukH /juk˥/
seven chilH /tɕʰil˥/
eight phalH /pʰal˥/
nine gu:LH /kuː˩˧/
ten sipH /ɕip˥/
sun ilH /il˥/
moon wolL /wɔl˩/
mountain sanH /san˥/
water su:LH /suː˩˧/
fire hwa:LH /hwaː˩˧/
tree mokL /mok˩/
soil tho:LH /tʰoː˩˧/
sky cheonL /tɕʰʌn˩/
ground jiH /tɕi˥/
sea hae:LH /hɛː˩˧/
dragon yongL /joŋ˩/
tiger ho:LH /hoː˩˧/
dog gyeon:LH /kjʌːn˩˧/
horse ma:LH /maː˩˧/
bird jo:LH /tɕoː˩˧/
fish eoL /ʌ˩/
ox uL /u˩/
sheep yangL /jaŋ˩/
cat myoL /mjo˩/
person inL /in˩/
hand su:LH /suː˩˧/
foot jokH /tɕok˥/
eye mokL /mok˩/
ear i:LH /iː˩˧/
mouth gu:LH /kuː˩˧/
head duL /tu˩/
heart simL /ɕim˩/
blood hyeolH /hjʌl˥/
meat yukL /juk˩/
up sang:LH /saːŋ˩˧/
down ha:LH /haː˩˧/
middle jungL /tɕuŋ˩/
hit jungH /tɕuŋ˥/
center angL /aŋ˩/
left jwa:LH /tɕwaː˩˧/
right u:LH /uː˩˧/
east dongL /toŋ˩/
西 west seoL /sʌ˩/
south namL /nam˩/
north bukH /puk˥/
go haengL /hɛŋ˩/
row hangH /haŋ˥/
come naeL /nɛ˩/
leave geoH /kʌ˥/
see gyeonH /kjʌn˥/
hear munL /mun˩/
eat sikH /ɕik˥/
drink eu:mLH /ɯːm˩˧/
run ju:LH /tɕuː˩˧/
sit jwa:LH /tɕwaː˩˧/
stand ipL /ip˩/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Koreanic languages

Meaning Korean (Busan)Korean (DPRK)Korean (Jeolla)Yanbian KoreanKorean (Hamgyong)KoreanJeju
Water /mul/ /mul/ /mul/ /mul/ /mul/ /mul/ /mul/
Fire /pul/ /pul/ /pul/ /pul/ /pul/ /pul/ /pul/
Sun /hɛ/ /hɛ/ /hɛ/ /hɛ/ /hɛ/ /hɛ/ /hɛ/
Moon /tal/ /tal/ /tal/ /tal/ /tal/ /tal/ /tal/
Mother 엄마 /ʌmma/ 어머니 /ʌmʌni/ 어매 /ʌmɛ/ 오마니 /omani/ 어머이 /ʌmʌi/ 어머니 /ʌmʌni/ 어멍 /ʌmʌŋ/
Father 아부지 /abud͡ʑi/ 아버지 /abʌd͡ʑi/ 아베 /abe/ 아바이 /abai/ 아바이 /abai/ 아버지 /abʌd͡ʑi/ 아방 /abaŋ/
Eat 묵어 /muɡʌ/ 먹어 /mʌɡʌ/ 묵어 /muɡʌ/ 먹어 /mʌɡʌ/ 먹어 /mʌɡʌ/ 먹다 /mʌk̚t͈a/ 먹엉 /mʌɡʌŋ/
Drink 마셔 /maɕjʌ/ 마셔 /maɕjʌ/ 마셔 /maɕjʌ/ 마셔 /maɕjʌ/ 마셔 /maɕjʌ/ 마시다 /maɕida/ 마셩 /maɕjʌŋ/
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Word order compared

Compare with major world languages

Korean (Busan)
저는 호텔 맞은편 가게 ‌에서 양복을 입어보고 싶습니데이
أنا أريد أن أجرب بدلة رأيتها في محل مقابل الفندق
试穿 酒店 对面的 商店 看到的 那套西装
I want to try on a suit I saw ‌in a shop across from the hotel
Ich möchte einen Anzug anprobieren den ich in einem Geschäft gegenüber vom Hotel gesehen habe
मैं होटल के सामने एक दुकान में देखा सूट को पहनकर देखना चाहता हूँ
私は ホテルの 向かいの お店 見た スーツを 試着 したいです
Я хочу примерить костюм который я увидел в магазине напротив отеля

Compare with closely-related languages

저는 호텔 맞은편 가게 ‌에서 양복을 입어보고 싶수다
저는 호텔 맞은편 가게 ‌에서 양복을 입어보고 싶어요
Korean (Busan)
저는 호텔 맞은편 가게 ‌에서 양복을 입어보고 싶습니데이
저는 호텔 맞은편 가게 ‌에서 양복을 입어보고 싶습니다
저는 旅館 맞은편 가게 ‌에서 衣服을 입어보고 싶사이다

Han readings compared

Compared with related Koreanic languages

Character Korean (Busan)Middle KoreanKoreanKorean (DPRK)Shao-Jiang MinGan (Jiangxi)Zainichi Korean Sino-reading
ilH /il˥/ ·qilq /ʔilʔ˥/ il /il/ il /il/ it /it˨/ it⁵ /it̚˥/ il /iɾɯ/
iH /i˥/ ·zi /zi˥/ i /i/ i /i/ ngi /ŋi˧˥/ oe²¹ /ɵ˨˩/ i /i/
samH /sam˥/ sam /sam˩/ sam /sam/ sam /sam/ sang /saŋ˦/ san⁴² /san˦˨/ sam /sam/
saH /sa˥/ ·sʌ /sʌ˥/ sa /sa/ sa /sa/ si /si˥/ si⁴⁵ /sɿ˦˥/ sa /sa/
o:LH /oː˩˧/ :ngwo /ŋo˩˥/ o /o/ o /o/ ng /ŋ̍˧/ ng²¹³ /ŋ̩˨˩˧/ o /o/
yukH /juk˥/ ·lyuk /ljuk̚˥/ yuk /juk̚/ ryuk /ɾjuk̚/ liuk /liuk˨/ liuq⁵ /liuʔ˥/ yuk /jukɯ/
chilH /tɕʰil˥/ ·chilq /tsʰilʔ˥/ chil /t͡ɕʰil/ ch'il /tsʰil/ chit /tsʰit˨/ qhit⁵ /tɕʰit̚˥/ chil /t͡ɕiɾɯ/
phalH /pʰal˥/ ·palq /palʔ˥/ pal /pʰal/ p'al /pʰal/ pat /pat˨/ pat⁵ /pat̚˥/ pal /paɾɯ/
gu:LH /kuː˩˧/ :kwu /ku˩˥/ gu /ku/ ku /ku/ kiu /kiu˧˩/ jiu²¹³ /tɕiu˨˩˧/ gu /ku/
sipH /ɕip˥/ ·ssip /s͈ip̚˥/ sip /ɕip̚/ sip /ɕip̚/ sip /sip˥/ sit⁵ /sɨt̚˥/ sip /ɕipɯ/
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