ꡏꡡꡃ ꡣꡟꡓ ꡒꡜ ꡓꡦꡋ (蒙古字韻)

Yuan Phags-pa Chinese

Sinitic > Mandarin (Yuan official)

FamilySinitic > Mandarin (Yuan official) Speakers文字体系 / 話者数該当なし RegionYuan dynasty (China + Mongol empire) RomanizationPhags-pa script (Coblin transliteration) ReadingYuan official Chinese in Phags-pa

Phags-pa script readings of Chinese characters as recorded in 蒙古字韻 (Měnggǔ Zìyùn, c. 1308), the principal surviving Phags-pa Chinese rime dictionary. The Phags-pa script (designed in 1269 by the Tibetan Sakya lama Drogön Chögyal Phagpa at Kublai Khan's order) was the official 'state script' of the Yuan dynasty (1269–1370), used to write Mongolian, Chinese, Tibetan, and Sanskrit in a single phonetic alphabet. For Chinese, it transliterates Early Mandarin / Old Mandarin phonology with explicit consonant+vowel structure, providing one of the most important pre-modern phonetic records of Chinese — earlier than Zhōngyuán Yīnyùn (1324) and showing the late-Yuan reorganization of the 36 traditional initials. Transliteration here follows Coblin (2007) 'A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese'.

Where it is spoken

Han character readings in Yuan Phags-pa Chinese

Character Meaning Reading Form IPA
one ꡝꡞʔi /ʔi/
two ꡔꡞʐɨ /ʐɨ/
three ꡛꡏsam /sam/
four ꡛꡞsɿ /sɿ/
five ꡝꡟʔu /ʔu/
six ꡙꡞꡓliw /liw/
seven ꡑꡞtshi /tsʰi/
eight ꡌꡖba /pa/
nine ꡀꡞꡓkiw /kiw/
ten ꡚꡞši /ʂɨ/
sun ꡔꡞʐɨ /ʐɨ/
moon ꡝꡧꡠʔɥe /ʔɥe/
mountain ꡚꡋšan /ʂan/
water ꡚꡟꡠšwi /ʂwi/
fire ꡣꡧꡡxwo /xwɔ/
tree ꡏꡟmuʔ /muʔ/
soil ꡉꡟthu /tʰu/
sky ꡉꡠꡋthẽn /tʰjɛn/
ground ꡊꡞti /ti/
sea ꡣꡗxay /xaj/
dragon ꡙꡟꡃluŋ /luŋ/
tiger ꡣꡟxu /xu/
dog ꡁꡦꡋkhɥen /kʰɥɛn/
horse ma /ma/
bird ꡈꡦꡓtjew /tjew/
fish ꡝꡦꡟʔy /ʔy/
ox ꡃꡞꡓŋjiw /ŋjiw/
sheep ꡗꡃyaŋ /jaŋ/
cat ꡏꡠꡓmew /mɛw/
person ꡔꡞꡋʐin /ʐin/
hand ꡚꡞꡓšiw /ʂiw/
foot ꡒꡟtsuʔ /tsuʔ/
eye ꡏꡟmuʔ /muʔ/
ear ꡔꡞʐɨ /ʐɨ/
mouth ꡁꡞꡓkhiw /kʰiw/
head ꡉꡞꡓthiw /tʰiw/
heart ꡛꡞꡏsim /sim/
blood ꡜꡨꡠxɥe /xɥe/
meat ꡔꡠꡓʐiw /ʐiw/
up ꡚꡃšaŋ /ʂaŋ/
down ꡜꡨxya /xja/
middle ꡄꡦꡃtʂuŋ /tʂuŋ/
hit ꡄꡦꡃtʂuŋ /tʂuŋ/
center ꡝꡃʔjaŋ /ʔjaŋ/
left ꡒꡡtswɔ /tswɔ/
right ꡝꡞꡓjiw /jiw/
east ꡊꡟꡃtuŋ /tuŋ/
西 west ꡛꡞsi /si/
south ꡋꡏnam /nam/
north ꡌꡠbe /pe/
go ꡜꡨꡞꡃxiŋ /xiŋ/
row ꡜꡨꡃxaŋ /xaŋ/
come ꡙꡗlay /laj/
leave ꡁꡦꡟkhy /kʰy/
see ꡀꡦꡋkjɛn /kjɛn/
hear ꡓꡟꡋwun /wun/
eat ꡚꡞꡂši /ʂɨ/
drink ꡝꡞꡏʔim /ʔim/
run ꡒꡞꡓtsiw /tsiw/
sit ꡒꡡtswɔ /tswɔ/
stand ꡙꡞli /li/

Sources

Han readings compared

Compared with related Sinitic > Mandarin (Yuan official) languages

Character Yuan Phags-pa ChineseKorean (DPRK)Early Mandarin (Yuan)KoreanZainichi Korean Sino-readingChinese (Classical)Middle Korean
ʔi /ʔi/ il /il/ i3 /i˨˩˦/ il /il/ il /iɾɯ/ ʔjit /ʔjit̚/ ·qilq /ʔilʔ˥/
ʐɨ /ʐɨ/ i /i/ ʐï4 /ʐʅ˥˩/ i /i/ i /i/ ɲi⁵¹ /ɲi˥˩/ ·zi /zi˥/
sam /sam/ sam /sam/ sam1 /sam˥/ sam /sam/ sam /sam/ sam¹³ /sam˩˧/ sam /sam˩/
sɿ /sɿ/ sa /sa/ sï4 /sɿ˥˩/ sa /sa/ sa /sa/ sz̩⁵¹ /sz̩˥˩/ ·sʌ /sʌ˥/
ʔu /ʔu/ o /o/ u3 /u˨˩˦/ o /o/ o /o/ ŋu²⁴ /ŋu˨˦/ :ngwo /ŋo˩˥/
liw /liw/ ryuk /ɾjuk̚/ lieu4 /liəu˥˩/ yuk /juk̚/ yuk /jukɯ/ liuk /liuk̚/ ·lyuk /ljuk̚˥/
tshi /tsʰi/ ch'il /tsʰil/ tshi3 /tsʰi˨˩˦/ chil /t͡ɕʰil/ chil /t͡ɕiɾɯ/ tsʰit /tsʰit̚/ ·chilq /tsʰilʔ˥/
ba /pa/ p'al /pʰal/ pa3 /pa˨˩˦/ pal /pʰal/ pal /paɾɯ/ pat /pat̚/ ·palq /palʔ˥/
kiw /kiw/ ku /ku/ kieu3 /kiəu˨˩˦/ gu /ku/ gu /ku/ kiw²⁴ /kiw˨˦/ :kwu /ku˩˥/
ši /ʂɨ/ sip /ɕip̚/ ʂï2 /ʂʅ˧˥/ sip /ɕip̚/ sip /ɕipɯ/ ʑip /ʑip̚/ ·ssip /s͈ip̚˥/
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