上代日本語呉音

Old Japanese on-yomi

Japonic > Old Japanese

FamilyJaponic > Old Japanese Speakers歴史言語 / 現代話者なし RegionNara-period Japan (Asuka–Heijō) RomanizationFrellesvig (8-vowel reconstruction) ReadingOld Japanese on-yomi (pre-Heian Wu reading)

The earliest stratum of Sino-Japanese readings (Go-on, 呉音), borrowed from Southern Wu Chinese via Korean intermediation in the 5th–6th centuries and stabilized in Nara-period (710–794) Buddhist and administrative texts. Preserved through Man'yōgana spellings in the Man'yōshū, Kojiki, Nihon Shoki, and Fudoki. Reflects the Old Japanese 8-vowel system (a, i₁/i₂, u, e₁/e₂, o₁/o₂) reconstructed by Frellesvig (2010) and Miyake (2003); the kō/otsu (甲/乙) distinction is marked with subscripts 1 and 2. Old Japanese had no lexical tones. Final -m and -p are preserved (later → -n, -fu/-u). Labio-velar onsets kw-/gw- and palatal y- contrasts are visible. This layer predates Heian-period Kan-on (漢音) borrowing from Chang'an Middle Chinese.

Where it is spoken

Han character readings in Old Japanese on-yomi

Character Meaning Reading Form IPA
one イチiti /iti/
two ni /ɲi/
three サムsam /sam/
four si /ɕi/
five go /ŋo/
six ロクroku /roku/
seven シチsiti /ɕiti/
eight パチpati /pati/
nine キウkiu /kiu/
ten ジフzipu /ʑipu/
sun ニチniti /ɲiti/
moon グヮチgwati /ŋwati/
mountain サンsan /san/
water スヰswi /swi/
fire クヮkwa /kwa/
tree モクmoku /moku/
soil do /do/
sky テンten /ten/
ground di /di/
sea カイkai /kai/
dragon リウriu /riu/
tiger ko /ko/
dog ケンken /ken/
horse me /me/
bird テウteu /teu/
fish go /ŋo/
ox ギウgiu /ŋiu/
sheep ヤウyau /jau/
person ニンnin /ɲin/
hand シュsyu /ɕu/
foot ソクsoku /soku/
eye モクmoku /moku/
ear ni /ɲi/
mouth コウkou /kou/
head トウtou /tou/
heart シムsim /ɕim/
blood ケチketi /keti/
meat ニクniku /ɲiku/
up ジャウzyau /ʑau/
down ge /ŋe/
middle チュウtyuu /tʲuu/
hit チュウtyuu /tʲuu/
center アウau /au/
left sa /sa/
right イウiu /iu/
east トウtou /tou/
西 west サイsai /sai/
south ナムnam /nam/
north ポクpoku /poku/
go ギャウgyau /ŋʲau/
row カウkau /kau/
come ライrai /rai/
leave ko /ko/
see ケンken /ken/
hear モンmon /mon/
eat ジキziki /ʑiki/
drink オンon /on/
run ソウsou /sou/
sit za /za/
stand リフripu /ripu/

Sources

Han readings compared

Compared with related Japonic > Old Japanese languages

Character Old Japanese on-yomiKorean (DPRK)Kagoshima Sino-JapaneseKoreanJapaneseZainichi Korean Sino-readingTōhoku Sino-Japanese
iti /iti/ il /il/ it /it̚/ il /il/ 漢音 / Kan-onitsu /it͡sɯ/呉音 / Go-onichi /it͡ɕi/ il /iɾɯ/ itsu /id͡zɯ̈/
ni /ɲi/ i /i/ ji /d͡ʑi/ i /i/ 漢音 / Kan-onji /d͡ʑi/呉音 / Go-onni /ni/ i /i/ ji /zɯ̈/
sam /sam/ sam /sam/ san /saɴ/ sam /sam/ san /saɴ/ sam /sam/ san /saɴ/
si /ɕi/ sa /sa/ shi /ɕi/ sa /sa/ shi /ɕi/ sa /sa/ si /sɯ̈/
go /ŋo/ o /o/ go /go/ o /o/ go /go/ o /o/ go /ŋo/
roku /roku/ ryuk /ɾjuk̚/ rik /ɾik̚/ yuk /juk̚/ 漢音 / Kan-onriku /ɾikɯ/呉音 / Go-onroku /ɾokɯ/ yuk /jukɯ/ rigu /ɾiɡɯ/
siti /ɕiti/ ch'il /tsʰil/ shit /ɕit̚/ chil /t͡ɕʰil/ 漢音 / Kan-onshitsu /ɕit͡sɯ/呉音 / Go-onshichi /ɕit͡ɕi/ chil /t͡ɕiɾɯ/ shitsu /sɯ̈t͡sɯ̈/
pati /pati/ p'al /pʰal/ hat /hat̚/ pal /pʰal/ 漢音 / Kan-onhatsu /hat͡sɯ/呉音 / Go-onhachi /hat͡ɕi/ pal /paɾɯ/ hatsu /hat͡sɯ/
kiu /kiu/ ku /ku/ kyū /kjɯː/ gu /ku/ 漢音 / Kan-onkyū /kjɯː/呉音 / Go-onku /kɯ/ gu /ku/ kyū /kjɯː/
zipu /ʑipu/ sip /ɕip̚/ shū /ɕɯː/ sip /ɕip̚/ 漢音 / Kan-onshū /ɕɯː/呉音 / Go-on /d͡ʑɯː/ sip /ɕipɯ/ shū /ɕɯː/
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