재일 한국・조선인 한자음

Zainichi Korean Sino-reading

Koreanic > Korean (Zainichi diaspora variety)

FamilyKoreanic > Korean (Zainichi diaspora variety) Speakers約44万人 (在日韓国・朝鮮人特別永住者) / L1話者は更に少数 RegionKorean diaspora in Japan (mainly Osaka / Tokyo) RomanizationRevised Romanization + Japanese-substrate phonetics ReadingZainichi Korean Sino-reading (Japanese-influenced)

Sino-Korean readings as pronounced by Zainichi Koreans — descendants of pre-1945 Korean migrants to Japan. Phonologically the substrate is South Korean (Revised Romanization surface), but heavy Japanese L1 interference is typical among 2nd- and 3rd-generation speakers: the tense/aspirated/plain three-way stop contrast collapses to a Japanese-style voiceless/voiced two-way contrast (so 八 pʰal → pal, 七 t͡ɕʰil → t͡ɕil); the high back unrounded /ɨ/ of 飲 eum is fully merged with Japanese /ɯ/; word-final unreleased stops /p̚ t̚ k̚/ and final liquid /l/ trigger Japanese-style epenthesis with /ɯ/ (一 il → iɾɯ, 十 sip → ɕipɯ, 六 yuk → jukɯ); and /h/ before the rounded glide /w/ surfaces as /ɸ/ (火 hwa → ɸwa), parallel to Japanese フ. Korean lexical pitch / Seoul-style accentless prosody is replaced by Japanese-style downstep pitch accent. There is no codified standard for Zainichi Sino-Korean — this is a descriptive snapshot of typical 2nd-/3rd-generation speech as documented in sociolinguistic studies of the Osaka and Tokyo Korean communities.

Where it is spoken

Han character readings in Zainichi Korean Sino-reading

Character Meaning Reading Form IPA
one il /iɾɯ/
two i /i/
three sam /sam/
four sa /sa/
five o /o/
six yuk /jukɯ/
seven chil /t͡ɕiɾɯ/
eight pal /paɾɯ/
nine gu /ku/
ten sip /ɕipɯ/
sun il /iɾɯ/
moon wol /woɾɯ/
mountain san /san/
water su /su/
fire hwa /ɸwa/
tree mok /mokɯ/
soil to /to/
sky cheon /t͡ɕʌn/
ground ji /t͡ɕi/
sea hae /hɛ/
dragon yong /joŋ/
tiger ho /ho/
dog gyeon /kjʌn/
horse ma /ma/
bird jo /t͡ɕo/
fish eo /ʌ/
ox u /u/
sheep yang /jaŋ/
cat myo /mjo/
person in /in/
hand su /su/
foot jok /t͡ɕokɯ/
eye mok /mokɯ/
ear i /i/
mouth gu /ku/
head du /tu/
heart sim /ɕim/
blood hyeol /çjʌɾɯ/
meat yuk /jukɯ/
up sang /saŋ/
down ha /ha/
middle jung /t͡ɕuŋ/
hit jung /t͡ɕuŋ/
center ang /aŋ/
left jwa /t͡ɕwa/
right u /u/
east dong /toŋ/
西 west seo /sʌ/
south nam /nam/
north buk /pukɯ/
go haeng /hɛŋ/
row hang /haŋ/
come nae /nɛ/
leave geo /kʌ/
see gyeon /kjʌn/
hear mun /mun/
eat sik /ɕikɯ/
drink eum /ɯm/
run ju /t͡ɕu/
sit jwa /t͡ɕwa/
stand ip /ipɯ/

Sources

Han readings compared

Compared with related Koreanic > Korean (Zainichi diaspora variety) languages

Character Zainichi Korean Sino-readingKoreanKorean (DPRK)Korean (Busan)Old Japanese on-yomiJapaneseYuan Phags-pa Chinese
il /iɾɯ/ il /il/ il /il/ ilH /il˥/ iti /iti/ 漢音 / Kan-onitsu /it͡sɯ/呉音 / Go-onichi /it͡ɕi/ ʔi /ʔi/
i /i/ i /i/ i /i/ iH /i˥/ ni /ɲi/ 漢音 / Kan-onji /d͡ʑi/呉音 / Go-onni /ni/ ʐɨ /ʐɨ/
sam /sam/ sam /sam/ sam /sam/ samH /sam˥/ sam /sam/ san /saɴ/ sam /sam/
sa /sa/ sa /sa/ sa /sa/ saH /sa˥/ si /ɕi/ shi /ɕi/ sɿ /sɿ/
o /o/ o /o/ o /o/ o:LH /oː˩˧/ go /ŋo/ go /go/ ʔu /ʔu/
yuk /jukɯ/ yuk /juk̚/ ryuk /ɾjuk̚/ yukH /juk˥/ roku /roku/ 漢音 / Kan-onriku /ɾikɯ/呉音 / Go-onroku /ɾokɯ/ liw /liw/
chil /t͡ɕiɾɯ/ chil /t͡ɕʰil/ ch'il /tsʰil/ chilH /tɕʰil˥/ siti /ɕiti/ 漢音 / Kan-onshitsu /ɕit͡sɯ/呉音 / Go-onshichi /ɕit͡ɕi/ tshi /tsʰi/
pal /paɾɯ/ pal /pʰal/ p'al /pʰal/ phalH /pʰal˥/ pati /pati/ 漢音 / Kan-onhatsu /hat͡sɯ/呉音 / Go-onhachi /hat͡ɕi/ ba /pa/
gu /ku/ gu /ku/ ku /ku/ gu:LH /kuː˩˧/ kiu /kiu/ 漢音 / Kan-onkyū /kjɯː/呉音 / Go-onku /kɯ/ kiw /kiw/
sip /ɕipɯ/ sip /ɕip̚/ sip /ɕip̚/ sipH /ɕip˥/ zipu /ʑipu/ 漢音 / Kan-onshū /ɕɯː/呉音 / Go-on /d͡ʑɯː/ ši /ʂɨ/
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