ཀུར་ཏོབ་ཁ

Kurtöp

Sino-Tibetan

FamilySino-Tibetan Speakers~10K ScriptTibetan script adapted for East Bodish phonology CountriesBhutan Official inNo (Dzongkha is sole national language of Bhutan; Kurtöp is recognized as one Vitalityvulnerable ISO 639-3xkz

Kurtöp is an East Bodish Sino-Tibetan language of eastern Bhutan, spoken in the Lhuntse Dzongkhag (Kurtoe gewog area) by ~10,000 people. Linguistically distinct from the national language Dzongkha (which is Tibetic, not East Bodish), Kurtöp belongs to the East Bodish branch alongside Bumthang, Khengkha, and Chocha-ngachakha — a small group of Bhutanese minority languages preserving features lost in mainstream Tibetic. Hyslop's 2017 reference grammar (A Grammar of Kurtöp) is the major modern documentation, revealing complex tone-vowel interactions, morphological evidentiality, and contact-induced changes from Dzongkha and Tshangla. Despite small speaker numbers, Kurtöp shows relative vitality due to geographic isolation, but UNESCO classifies East Bodish languages as vulnerable due to gradual shift toward Dzongkha in education and media.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Kurtöp

Water

khwe

/kʰwe/

Fire

mi

/mi/

Sun

ningpe

/niŋpe/

Moon

lai

/lai/

Mother

amai

/amai/

Father

apai

/apai/

Eat

za

/za/

Drink

thung

/tʰuŋ/

Love

ga

/ɡa/

Heart

nying

/ɲiŋ/

Tree

shing

/ɕiŋ/

House

khim

/kʰim/

Dog

khwi

/kʰwi/

Cat

byila

/bila/

Hand

lak

/lak/

Eye

mik

/mik/

Hello

kuzu zangpo

/kuzu zaŋpo/

Thank you

kadrinche

/kadrintɕe/

One

thê

/tʰe/

Good

lekpo

/lekpo/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Sino-Tibetan languages

Meaning KurtöpDzongkhaSikkimeseBaltiLadakhiClassical TibetanKhams Tibetan
Water khwe /kʰwe/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/
Fire mi /mi/ མེ /me/ མེ /me/ མེ /me/ མེ /me/ མེ /me/ མེ /me/
Sun ningpe /niŋpe/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/
Moon lai /lai/ ཟླ་བ /dawa/ ཟླ་བ /dawa/ ཟླ་བ /dawa/ ཟླ་བ /zlawa/ ཟླ་བ /dawa/ ཟླ་བ /dawa/
Mother amai /amai/ ཨ་མ /ama/ ཨ་མ /ama/ ཨ་མ /ama/ ཨ་མ /ama/ ཨ་མ /ama/ ཨ་མ /ama/
Father apai /apai/ ཨ་པ /apa/ ཨ་པ /apa/ ཨ་ཕ /apʰa/ ཨ་པ /apa/ /pʰa/ ཨ་ཕ /apʰa/
Eat za /za/ བཟའ /za/ /za/ /za/ /za/ བཟའ /za/ /za/
Drink thung /tʰuŋ/ འཐུང /tʰuŋ/ འཐུང /tʰuŋ/ ཐུང་ /tʰuŋ/ འཐུང /tʰuŋ/ འཐུང /tʰuŋ/ འཐུང་ /tʰuŋ/
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