Tiv

Niger-Congo

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Tiv is the principal language of the Tiv ethnic group, the largest non-Hausa-Fulani population of central Nigeria, with ~5 million speakers concentrated in Benue State around Gboko and Makurdi. Linguistically, Tiv belongs to the Tivoid subgroup of Bantoid (sister branch to the Bantu languages), but most other Tivoid languages are in Cameroon, making Tiv geographically isolated within its subgroup. Tiv has classical Niger-Congo features: noun-class system (~10 classes), tonal (3 tones with downstep), and SVO constituent order. The Abraham 1940 Tiv-English Dictionary remains a foundational reference. Tiv has a strong literary tradition since the 1930s, with major works including the Tiv New Testament (1936) and the Tiv-language newspaper "Tion".

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Tiv

Water

mngerem

/mŋɡɛɾɛm/

Fire

usu

/usu/

Sun

iyange

/ijaŋɡe/

Moon

uwer

/uwɛɾ/

Mother

ngo

/ŋɡo/

Father

ter

/tɛɾ/

Eat

yan

/jan/

Drink

mba

/mba/

Love

dooshima

/doːʃima/

Heart

ishima

/iʃima/

Tree

kon

/kon/

House

ya

/ja/

Dog

iyou

/ijou/

Cat

anyam

/aɲam/

Hand

ave

/ave/

Eye

ishe

/iʃe/

Hello

m sugh

/m suɣ/

Thank you

m sugh u

/m suɣ u/

One

mom

/mom/

Good

dedoo

/dedoː/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Niger-Congo languages

Meaning TivKimbunduKikongoTalyshVietnamese (Chữ Nôm)BejaAymara
Water mngerem /mŋɡɛɾɛm/ menha /meɲa/ maza /maza/ ov /ov/ /nɨək/ yam /jam/ uma /uma/
Fire usu /usu/ tubia /tubja/ tiya /tija/ tasə /tasə/ 𤏬 /lɨə/ neʼaat /neʔaːt/ nina /nina/
Sun iyange /ijaŋɡe/ muanya /mwaɲa/ ntangu /ntaŋɡu/ rüj /ɾyʒ/ 𩈘𡗶 /mət tɤj/ yint /jint/ inti /inti/
Moon uwer /uwɛɾ/ ngonde /ŋɡonde/ ngonda /ŋɡonda/ ümüj /ymyʒ/ 𩈘𢁑 /mət taŋ/ tirig /tiɾiɡ/ phaxsi /pʰaχsi/
Mother ngo /ŋɡo/ mama /mama/ mama /mama/ muə /muə/ 𡞕 /mɛ/ indee /iːndeː/ mama /mama/
Father ter /tɛɾ/ tata /tata/ tata /tata/ pıə /pɯə/ 𤙗 /ɓo/ baab /baːb/ tata /tata/
Eat yan /jan/ kudya /kudja/ ku dia /ku dja/ hardə /haɾdə/ 𫗒 /an/ tame /tame/ manqʼaña /manqʼaɲa/
Drink mba /mba/ kunwa /kunwa/ ku nua /ku nua/ peşomə /peʃomə/ /uəŋ/ gwaʼa /ɡʷaʕa/ umaña /umaɲa/
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