Tiv

Niger-Congo

FamilyNiger-Congo Speakers~5M ScriptLatin CountriesNigeria Official inNo (English is the official language of Nigeria) Vitalitysafe ISO 639-3tiv

Tiv is the principal language of the Tiv ethnic group, the largest non-Hausa-Fulani population of central Nigeria, with ~5 million speakers concentrated in Benue State around Gboko and Makurdi. Linguistically, Tiv belongs to the Tivoid subgroup of Bantoid (sister branch to the Bantu languages), but most other Tivoid languages are in Cameroon, making Tiv geographically isolated within its subgroup. Tiv has classical Niger-Congo features: noun-class system (~10 classes), tonal (3 tones with downstep), and SVO constituent order. The Abraham 1940 Tiv-English Dictionary remains a foundational reference. Tiv has a strong literary tradition since the 1930s, with major works including the Tiv New Testament (1936) and the Tiv-language newspaper "Tion".

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Tiv

Water

mngerem

/mŋɡɛɾɛm/

Fire

usu

/usu/

Sun

iyange

/ijaŋɡe/

Moon

uwer

/uwɛɾ/

Star

ishan

/iˈʃan/

Mother

ngo

/ŋɡo/

Father

ter

/tɛɾ/

I

mo

/mɔ/

You

we

/we/

Name

iti

/iˈti/

Eye

ishe

/iʃe/

Hand

ave

/ave/

Heart

ishima

/iʃima/

Love

dooshima

/doːʃima/

Tree

kon

/kon/

House

ya

/ja/

Dog

iyou

/ijou/

Cat

anyam

/aɲam/

Eat

yan

/jan/

Drink

mba

/mba/

One

mom

/mom/

Two

uhar

/uˈhar/

Hello

m sugh

/m suɣ/

Thank you

m sugh u

/m suɣ u/

Good

dedoo

/dedoː/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Niger-Congo languages

Meaning TivKimbunduKikongoLuba-KasaiAymaraZuluLunda
Water mngerem /mŋɡɛɾɛm/ menha /meɲa/ maza /maza/ mâyi /maːji/ uma /uma/ amanzi /amanzi/ meji /medʒi/
Fire usu /usu/ tubia /tubja/ tiya /tija/ kapia /kapia/ nina /nina/ umlilo /umlilo/ kesi /kesi/
Sun iyange /ijaŋɡe/ muanya /mwaɲa/ ntangu /ntaŋɡu/ dîba /diːba/ inti /inti/ ilanga /ilaŋɡa/ itaŋwa /itaŋwa/
Moon uwer /uwɛɾ/ ngonde /ŋɡonde/ ngonda /ŋɡonda/ ngondo /ŋɡondo/ phaxsi /pʰaχsi/ inyanga /iɲaŋɡa/ kakweji /kakwedʒi/
Star ishan /iˈʃan/ tetembwa /teˈtembwa/ mbwetete /mbwetete/ mutoto /mutoto/ warawara /waɾawaɾa/ inkanyezi /iŋkaˈɲeːzi/ katumbwa /katumbwa/
Mother ngo /ŋɡo/ mama /mama/ mama /mama/ mâmu /maːmu/ mama /mama/ umama /umama/ mama /mama/
Father ter /tɛɾ/ tata /tata/ tata /tata/ tâtu /taːtu/ tata /tata/ ubaba /uɓaɓa/ tata /tata/
I mo /mɔ/ eme /eme/ mono /mono/ meme /meme/ naya /naja/ mina /ˈmiːna/ ami /ami/
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