isiZulu
Zulu
Bantu (Nguni)
Zulu (isiZulu) is South Africa's most widely spoken home language, with ~12M L1 + ~16M L2 (~28M total). It is a Southern Bantu Nguni language, closely related to Xhosa, Swati, and Northern Ndebele — together these form a dialect continuum across southern Africa. Phonologically distinctive for its 3 click consonant series (ǀ dental, ǁ lateral, ǃ alveolar) borrowed from Khoisan substrate during the Mfecane migrations of the 19th century. Has 17 noun classes with concordial agreement throughout the verb and modifier system; high tone-stress correlation makes word boundaries audibly clear. Lobola (bridewealth) and Ubuntu philosophy shape much of the cultural lexicon.
Where it is spoken
20 core words in Zulu
Water
amanzi
/amanzi/
Fire
umlilo
/umlilo/
Sun
ilanga
/ilaŋɡa/
Moon
inyanga
/iɲaŋɡa/
Mother
umama
/umama/
Father
ubaba
/uɓaɓa/
Eat
ukudla
/ukuɮa/
Drink
ukuphuza
/ukupʰuza/
Love
uthando
/utʰando/
Heart
inhliziyo
/inɬizijo/
Tree
isihlahla
/isiɬaɬa/
House
indlu
/indɮu/
Dog
inja
/indʒa/
Cat
ikati
/ikati/
Hand
isandla
/isandɮa/
Eye
iso
/iso/
Hello
sawubona
/sawuɓona/
Thank you
ngiyabonga
/ŋɡijaɓoŋɡa/
One
kunye
/kuɲe/
Good
kuhle
/kuɬe/
Sources
Words compared
Compared with related Bantu (Nguni) languages
| Meaning | Zulu | Northern Ndebele | Swazi | Southern Ndebele | Xhosa | Tsonga | Kirundi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | amanzi /amanzi/ | amanzi /amanzi/ | emanti /emanti/ | amanzi /amanzi/ | amanzi /amaːnzi/ | mati /mati/ | amazi /amaːzi/ |
| Fire | umlilo /umlilo/ | umlilo /umlilo/ | umlilo /umlilo/ | umlilo /umlilo/ | umlilo /umlilo/ | ndzilo /ndzilo/ | umuriro /umuɾiɾo/ |
| Sun | ilanga /ilaŋɡa/ | ilanga /ilaŋɡa/ | lilanga /lilaŋɡa/ | ilanga /ilaŋɡa/ | ilanga /ilaːŋɡa/ | dyambu /dʒambu/ | izuba /izuba/ |
| Moon | inyanga /iɲaŋɡa/ | inyanga /iɲaŋɡa/ | inyanga /iɲaŋɡa/ | inyanga /iɲaŋɡa/ | inyanga /iɲaːŋɡa/ | n'weti /ŋweti/ | ukwezi /ukwezi/ |
| Mother | umama /umama/ | umama /umama/ | make /make/ | umma /umma/ | umama /umaːma/ | manana /manana/ | mama /maːma/ |
| Father | ubaba /uɓaɓa/ | ubaba /uɓaɓa/ | babe /ɓaɓe/ | ubaba /uɓaɓa/ | utata /utaːta/ | tatana /tatana/ | data /data/ |
| Eat | ukudla /ukuɮa/ | ukudla /ukuɮa/ | kudla /kuɮa/ | ukudla /ukuɮa/ | ukutya /ukutʲa/ | ku dya /ku dʒa/ | kurya /kuɾja/ |
| Drink | ukuphuza /ukupʰuza/ | ukunatha /ukunatʰa/ | kunatsa /kunatsa/ | ukusela /ukusela/ | ukusela /ukusɛla/ | ku nwa /ku nwa/ | kunywa /kuɲwa/ |
| Love | uthando /utʰando/ | uthando /utʰando/ | lutsandvo /luʦandwo/ | ithando /itʰando/ | uthando /utʰando/ | rirhandzu /riɾandzu/ | urukundo /uɾukundo/ |
| Heart | inhliziyo /inɬizijo/ | inhliziyo /inɬizijo/ | inhlitiyo /inɬitijo/ | ihliziyo /iɬizijo/ | intliziyo /intɬizijo/ | mbilu /mbilu/ | umutima /umutima/ |
| Tree | isihlahla /isiɬaɬa/ | isihlahla /isiɬaɬa/ | sihlahla /siɬaɬa/ | umuthi /umutʰi/ | umthi /umtʰi/ | nsinya /nsiɲa/ | igiti /iɡiti/ |
| House | indlu /indɮu/ | indlu /indɮu/ | indlu /indɮu/ | indlu /indɮu/ | indlu /indɮu/ | yindlu /jindɮu/ | inzu /inzu/ |
| Dog | inja /indʒa/ | inja /indʒa/ | inja /indʒa/ | inja /indʒa/ | inja /indʒa/ | mbyana /mbjana/ | imbwa /imbwa/ |
| Cat | ikati /ikati/ | ikati /ikati/ | likati /likati/ | ikati /ikati/ | ikati /ikati/ | mangoyi /maŋɡoji/ | akayabu /akajabu/ |
| Hand | isandla /isandɮa/ | isandla /isandɮa/ | sandla /sandɮa/ | isandla /isandɮa/ | isandla /isandɮa/ | voko /voko/ | ukuboko /ukuboko/ |
| Eye | iso /iso/ | ilihlo /iliɬo/ | liso /liso/ | ihlo /iɬo/ | iliso /iliso/ | tihlo /tiɬo/ | ijisho /idʒiʃo/ |
| Hello | sawubona /sawuɓona/ | salibonani /saliɓonani/ | sawubona /sawuɓona/ | lotjhani /lotʃʰani/ | molo /molo/ | avuxeni /avuʃeni/ | amahoro /amahoɾo/ |
| Thank you | ngiyabonga /ŋɡijaɓoŋɡa/ | ngiyabonga /ŋijaɓoŋɡa/ | ngiyabonga /ŋijaɓoŋɡa/ | ngiyathokoza /ŋijatʰokoza/ | enkosi /ɛnkosi/ | inkomu /iŋkomu/ | murakoze /muɾakoze/ |
| One | kunye /kuɲe/ | nye /ɲe/ | kunye /kuɲe/ | nye /ɲe/ | inye /iɲɛ/ | rin'we /riŋwe/ | rimwe /ɾimwe/ |
| Good | kuhle /kuɬe/ | kuhle /kuɬe/ | kuhle /kuɬe/ | kuhle /kuɬe/ | lungile /luŋɡilɛ/ | kahle /kaɬe/ | nziza /nziza/ |
Word order compared
Compare with major world languages
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