Proto-Semitic

Proto-language (reconstructed) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyProto-language (reconstructed) SpeakersExtinct (hypothetical) ScriptNone / reconstructed CountriesLevant / northern Arabia (hypothetical) Official inNone Vitalityextinct

Proto-Semitic is the reconstructed ancestor of the Semitic languages (Akkadian, Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, Ethiopic and others), a branch of Afroasiatic. It is usually placed in the Levant or northern Arabia around 3800–3000 BCE and is one of the best-reconstructed proto-languages, thanks to the long written history of its descendants.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Proto-Semitic

Water

*māʔ-

/māʔ-/

Fire

*ʔiš-

/ʔiš-/

Sun

*šamš-

/šamš-/

Moon

*warḫ-

/warḫ-/

Star

*kawkab-

/kawkab-/

Mother

*ʔimm-

/ʔimm-/

Father

*ʔab-

/ʔab-/

I

*ʔanāku

/ʔanāku/

You

*ʔanta

/ʔanta/

Name

*šim-

/šim-/

Eye

*ʕayn-

/ʕayn-/

Hand

*yad-

/yad-/

Heart

*libb-

/libb-/

Love

/—/

Tree

*ʕiṣ́-

/ʕiṣ́-/

House

*bayt-

/bayt-/

Dog

*kalb-

/kalb-/

Cat

/—/

Eat

*ʔakal-

/ʔakal-/

Drink

*šatay-

/šatay-/

One

*ʔaḥad-

/ʔaḥad-/

Two

*ṯin-

/ṯin-/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/—/

Good

*ṭāb-

/ṭāb-/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Proto-language (reconstructed) languages

Meaning Proto-SemiticUgariticSabaeanPunicOld AramaicPhoenicianProto-Afroasiatic
Water *māʔ- /māʔ-/ 𐎎𐎊 /maju/ 𐩣𐩥 /maw/ 𐤌𐤉𐤌 /majim/ מין /majin/ 𐤌𐤌 /meːm/ *maw- /maw-/
Fire *ʔiš- /ʔiš-/ 𐎛𐎌𐎚 /ʔiʃt/ 𐩱𐩪 /ʔas/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ נור /nuːr/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ /—/
Sun *šamš- /šamš-/ 𐎌𐎔𐎌 /ʃapʃ/ 𐩦𐩣𐩪 /ʃams/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ שמש /ʃamʃ/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ /—/
Moon *warḫ- /warḫ-/ 𐎊𐎗𐎈 /jaːriχ/ 𐩥𐩧𐩭 /warχ/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jeraħ/ שהר /sahr/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jaræħ/ /—/
Star *kawkab- /kawkab-/ 𐎋𐎁𐎋𐎁 /kabkabu/ 𐩫𐩨𐩫𐩨 /kabkab/ 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ כוכב /kawkab/ 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ /—/
Mother *ʔimm- /ʔimm-/ 𐎜𐎎 /ʔumm/ 𐩱𐩣 /ʔumm/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ אמ /ʔem/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ *ʔim- /ʔim-/
Father *ʔab- /ʔab-/ 𐎜𐎁 /ʔabu/ 𐩱𐩨 /ʔab/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔav/ אב /ʔab/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔab/ *ʔab- /ʔab-/
I *ʔanāku /ʔanāku/ 𐎀𐎐𐎋 /ʔanaːku/ 𐩱𐩬 /ʔana/ 𐤀𐤍𐤊 /ʔanoːk/ אנה /ʔanaː/ 𐤀𐤍𐤊 /ʔanoːkiː/ *ʔan- /ʔan-/
Page 1/4

Part of LangMap — a linguistic visualization project. This is a static, crawlable summary; the interactive maps offer pronunciation audio, filters, and a globe view.