𐩪𐩨𐩱

Sabaean

Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, South, Old South Arabian) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyAfro-Asiatic (Semitic, South, Old South Arabian) SpeakersExtinct (~1000 BCE-600 CE) ScriptOld South Arabian script (Musnad, 𐩠𐩡𐩢𐩣) CountriesSabaean kingdom (modern Yemen, southwestern Arabia) Official inSabaean and Himyarite kingdoms Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3xsa

Sabaean is the most attested Old South Arabian language, used in tens of thousands of inscriptions across ancient Yemen — especially around the Marib dam, the engineering wonder that supported the Sabaean kingdom from c. 1000 BCE to its 6th-century collapse. The Musnad script (also called Old South Arabian) is the ancestor of Ge'ez script via early Aksumite contacts across the Red Sea, transmitting the alphabetic tradition into Ethiopia where it survives in Ethiopic Christian use today.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Sabaean

Water

𐩣𐩺

/maːʔ/

Fire

𐩱𐩪

/ʔas/

Sun

𐩦𐩣𐩪

/ʃams/

Moon

𐩥𐩧𐩭

/warkʰ/

Mother

𐩱𐩣

/ʔumm/

Father

𐩱𐩨

/ʔab/

Eat

𐩱𐩫𐩡

/ʔakal/

Drink

𐩪𐩩𐩺

/ʃataja/

Love

𐩥𐩵𐩵

/wadda/

Heart

𐩡𐩨

/lubb/

Tree

𐩲𐩳

/ʕaːð/

House

𐩨𐩺𐩩

/bajt/

Dog

𐩫𐩡𐩨

/kalb/

Cat

/—/

Hand

𐩺𐩵

/jad/

Eye

𐩲𐩺𐩬

/ʕajn/

Hello

𐩪𐩡𐩣

/salaːm/

Thank you

𐩢𐩣𐩵

/ħamad/

One

𐩱𐩢𐩵

/ʔaħad/

Good

𐩷𐩨

/tˤajjib/

Words compared

Compared with related Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, South, Old South Arabian) languages

Meaning SabaeanOld AramaicQuranic ArabicPunicUgariticArabic (MSA)Phoenician
Water 𐩣𐩺 /maːʔ/ מין /majin/ ماء /maːʔ/ 𐤌𐤉𐤌 /majim/ 𐎎𐎊 /maju/ ماء /maːʔ/ 𐤌𐤌 /majim/
Fire 𐩱𐩪 /ʔas/ אש /ʔɛʃ/ نار /naːr/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ 𐎛𐎌𐎚 /ʔiʃt/ نار /naːr/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/
Sun 𐩦𐩣𐩪 /ʃams/ שמש /ʃamʃ/ شمس /ʃams/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ 𐎌𐎔𐎌 /ʃapʃ/ شمس /ʃams/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/
Moon 𐩥𐩧𐩭 /warkʰ/ שהר /sahr/ قمر /qamar/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jeraħ/ 𐎊𐎗𐎈 /jaːriχ/ قمر /qamar/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jaræħ/
Mother 𐩱𐩣 /ʔumm/ אמ /ʔem/ أم /ʔumm/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ 𐎜𐎎 /ʔumm/ أم /ʔumm/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/
Father 𐩱𐩨 /ʔab/ אב /ʔab/ أب /ʔab/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔav/ 𐎜𐎁 /ʔabu/ أب /ʔab/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔab/
Eat 𐩱𐩫𐩡 /ʔakal/ אכל /ʔakal/ أكل /ʔakala/ 𐤀𐤊𐤋 /ʔakal/ 𐎍𐎈𐎎 /laħam/ أكل /ʔakala/ 𐤀𐤊𐤋 /ʔakal/
Drink 𐩪𐩩𐩺 /ʃataja/ שתה /ʃataː/ شرب /ʃariba/ 𐤔𐤕 /ʃat/ 𐎌𐎚𐎊 /ʃataju/ شرب /ʃariba/ 𐤔𐤕 /ʃat/
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