𐩪𐩨𐩱

Sabaean

Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, South, Old South Arabian) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyAfro-Asiatic (Semitic, South, Old South Arabian) SpeakersExtinct (~1000 BCE-600 CE) ScriptOld South Arabian script (Musnad, 𐩠𐩡𐩢𐩣) CountriesSabaean kingdom (modern Yemen, southwestern Arabia) Official inSabaean and Himyarite kingdoms Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3xsa

Sabaean is the most attested Old South Arabian language, used in tens of thousands of inscriptions across ancient Yemen — especially around the Marib dam, the engineering wonder that supported the Sabaean kingdom from c. 1000 BCE to its 6th-century collapse. The Musnad script (also called Old South Arabian) is the ancestor of Ge'ez script via early Aksumite contacts across the Red Sea, transmitting the alphabetic tradition into Ethiopia where it survives in Ethiopic Christian use today.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Sabaean

Water

𐩣𐩥

/maw/

Fire

𐩱𐩪

/ʔas/

Sun

𐩦𐩣𐩪

/ʃams/

Moon

𐩥𐩧𐩭

/warχ/

Star

𐩫𐩨𐩫𐩨

/kabkab/

Mother

𐩱𐩣

/ʔumm/

Father

𐩱𐩨

/ʔab/

I

𐩱𐩬

/ʔana/

You

𐩱𐩬𐩩

/ʔanta/

Name

𐩪𐩣

/sim/

Eye

𐩲𐩺𐩬

/ʕajn/

Hand

𐩺𐩵

/jad/

Heart

𐩡𐩨

/lubb/

Love

𐩥𐩵𐩵

/wadda/

Tree

𐩲𐩳

/ʕaːð/

House

𐩨𐩺𐩩

/bajt/

Dog

𐩫𐩡𐩨

/kalb/

Cat

/—/

Eat

𐩱𐩫𐩡

/ʔakal/

Drink

𐩪𐩩𐩺

/ʃataja/

One

𐩱𐩢𐩵

/ʔaħad/

Two

𐩻𐩬𐩺

/θanay/

Hello

𐩪𐩡𐩣

/salaːm/

Thank you

𐩢𐩣𐩵

/ħamad/

Good

𐩷𐩨

/tˤajjib/

Words compared

Compared with related Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, South, Old South Arabian) languages

Meaning SabaeanUgariticOld AramaicQuranic ArabicPunicArabic (MSA)Ge'ez
Water 𐩣𐩥 /maw/ 𐎎𐎊 /maju/ מין /majin/ ماء /maːʔ/ 𐤌𐤉𐤌 /majim/ ماء /maːʔ/ ማይ /maːj/
Fire 𐩱𐩪 /ʔas/ 𐎛𐎌𐎚 /ʔiʃt/ נור /nuːr/ نار /naːr/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ نار /naːr/ እሳት /ʔəsaːt/
Sun 𐩦𐩣𐩪 /ʃams/ 𐎌𐎔𐎌 /ʃapʃ/ שמש /ʃamʃ/ شمس /ʃams/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ شمس /ʃams/ ፀሐይ /sˤaħaj/
Moon 𐩥𐩧𐩭 /warχ/ 𐎊𐎗𐎈 /jaːriχ/ שהר /sahr/ قمر /qamar/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jeraħ/ قمر /qamar/ ወርኅ /warχ/
Star 𐩫𐩨𐩫𐩨 /kabkab/ 𐎋𐎁𐎋𐎁 /kabkabu/ כוכב /kawkab/ نجم /nadʒm/ 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ نجم /nadʒm/ ኮከብ /kokab/
Mother 𐩱𐩣 /ʔumm/ 𐎜𐎎 /ʔumm/ אמ /ʔem/ أم /ʔumm/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ أم /ʔumm/ እም /ʔəmm/
Father 𐩱𐩨 /ʔab/ 𐎜𐎁 /ʔabu/ אב /ʔab/ أب /ʔab/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔav/ أب /ʔab/ አብ /ʔab/
I 𐩱𐩬 /ʔana/ 𐎀𐎐𐎋 /ʔanaːku/ אנה /ʔanaː/ أنا /ʔanaː/ 𐤀𐤍𐤊 /ʔanoːk/ أنا /ʔana/ አነ /ʔana/
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