𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚

Ugaritic

Afro-Asiatic (Northwest Semitic) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyAfro-Asiatic (Northwest Semitic) SpeakersExtinct (~1400-1180 BCE) ScriptUgaritic alphabetic cuneiform (30 signs) CountriesUgarit (Bronze Age coastal Syria) Official inKingdom of Ugarit Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3uga

Ugaritic was a Northwest Semitic language at the Bronze Age city of Ugarit (modern Ras Shamra, Syria), c. 14th-12th centuries BCE. Its cuneiform alphabet of 30 signs, which predates Phoenician, is one of the earliest attested alphabets and preserves the earliest known alphabetic order (abecedary), though the ancestral Proto-Sinaitic/Proto-Canaanite alphabets are older; the Ugaritic mythological texts (Baal Cycle) provide essential cultural context for understanding the Hebrew Bible.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Ugaritic

Water

𐎎𐎊

/maju/

Fire

𐎛𐎌𐎚

/ʔiʃt/

Sun

𐎌𐎔𐎌

/ʃapʃ/

Moon

𐎊𐎗𐎈

/jaːriχ/

Star

𐎋𐎁𐎋𐎁

/kabkabu/

Mother

𐎜𐎎

/ʔumm/

Father

𐎜𐎁

/ʔabu/

I

𐎀𐎐𐎋

/ʔanaːku/

You

𐎀𐎚

/ʔatta/

Name

𐎌𐎎

/ʃumu/

Eye

𐎓𐎐

/ʕajnu/

Hand

𐎊𐎄

/jadu/

Heart

𐎍𐎁

/libbu/

Love

𐎜𐎈𐎁

/ʔaːhab/

Tree

𐎓𐎕

/ʕasˤu/

House

𐎁𐎚

/bajtu/

Dog

𐎋𐎍𐎁

/kalbu/

Cat

/—/

Eat

𐎍𐎈𐎎

/laħam/

Drink

𐎌𐎚𐎊

/ʃataju/

One

𐎀𐎈𐎄

/ʔaːħadu/

Two

𐎘𐎐

/θnaː/

Hello

𐎌𐎍𐎎

/ʃalaːmu/

Thank you

/—/

Good

𐎉𐎁

/tˤaːbu/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Afro-Asiatic (Northwest Semitic) languages

Meaning UgariticPunicSabaeanOld AramaicPhoenicianProto-SemiticQuranic Arabic
Water 𐎎𐎊 /maju/ 𐤌𐤉𐤌 /majim/ 𐩣𐩥 /maw/ מין /majin/ 𐤌𐤌 /meːm/ *māʔ- /māʔ-/ ماء /maːʔ/
Fire 𐎛𐎌𐎚 /ʔiʃt/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ 𐩱𐩪 /ʔas/ נור /nuːr/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ *ʔiš- /ʔiš-/ نار /naːr/
Sun 𐎌𐎔𐎌 /ʃapʃ/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ 𐩦𐩣𐩪 /ʃams/ שמש /ʃamʃ/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ *šamš- /šamš-/ شمس /ʃams/
Moon 𐎊𐎗𐎈 /jaːriχ/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jeraħ/ 𐩥𐩧𐩭 /warχ/ שהר /sahr/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jaræħ/ *warḫ- /warḫ-/ قمر /qamar/
Star 𐎋𐎁𐎋𐎁 /kabkabu/ 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ 𐩫𐩨𐩫𐩨 /kabkab/ כוכב /kawkab/ 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ *kawkab- /kawkab-/ نجم /nadʒm/
Mother 𐎜𐎎 /ʔumm/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ 𐩱𐩣 /ʔumm/ אמ /ʔem/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ *ʔimm- /ʔimm-/ أم /ʔumm/
Father 𐎜𐎁 /ʔabu/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔav/ 𐩱𐩨 /ʔab/ אב /ʔab/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔab/ *ʔab- /ʔab-/ أب /ʔab/
I 𐎀𐎐𐎋 /ʔanaːku/ 𐤀𐤍𐤊 /ʔanoːk/ 𐩱𐩬 /ʔana/ אנה /ʔanaː/ 𐤀𐤍𐤊 /ʔanoːkiː/ *ʔanāku /ʔanāku/ أنا /ʔanaː/
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