𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚

Ugaritic

Afro-Asiatic (Northwest Semitic) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyAfro-Asiatic (Northwest Semitic) SpeakersExtinct (~1400-1180 BCE) ScriptUgaritic alphabetic cuneiform (30 signs) CountriesUgarit (Bronze Age coastal Syria) Official inKingdom of Ugarit Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3uga

Ugaritic was a Northwest Semitic language at the Bronze Age city of Ugarit (modern Ras Shamra, Syria), c. 14th-12th centuries BCE. Its cuneiform alphabet of 30 signs is the earliest documented true alphabet (preceding Phoenician), and the Ugaritic mythological texts (Baal Cycle) provide essential cultural context for understanding the Hebrew Bible.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Ugaritic

Water

𐎎𐎊

/maju/

Fire

𐎛𐎌𐎚

/ʔiʃt/

Sun

𐎌𐎔𐎌

/ʃapʃ/

Moon

𐎊𐎗𐎈

/jaːriχ/

Mother

𐎜𐎎

/ʔumm/

Father

𐎜𐎁

/ʔabu/

Eat

𐎍𐎈𐎎

/laħam/

Drink

𐎌𐎚𐎊

/ʃataju/

Love

𐎜𐎈𐎁

/ʔaːhab/

Heart

𐎍𐎁

/libbu/

Tree

𐎓𐎕

/ʕasˤu/

House

𐎁𐎚

/bajtu/

Dog

𐎋𐎍𐎁

/kalbu/

Cat

/—/

Hand

𐎊𐎄

/jadu/

Eye

𐎓𐎐

/ʕajnu/

Hello

𐎌𐎍𐎎

/ʃalaːmu/

Thank you

/—/

One

𐎀𐎈𐎄

/ʔaːħadu/

Good

𐎉𐎁

/tˤaːbu/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Afro-Asiatic (Northwest Semitic) languages

Meaning UgariticPunicPhoenicianOld AramaicSabaeanGe'ezBiblical Hebrew
Water 𐎎𐎊 /maju/ 𐤌𐤉𐤌 /majim/ 𐤌𐤌 /majim/ מין /majin/ 𐩣𐩺 /maːʔ/ ማይ /maːj/ מים /majim/
Fire 𐎛𐎌𐎚 /ʔiʃt/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ אש /ʔɛʃ/ 𐩱𐩪 /ʔas/ እሳት /ʔəsaːt/ אש /ʔeʃ/
Sun 𐎌𐎔𐎌 /ʃapʃ/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ שמש /ʃamʃ/ 𐩦𐩣𐩪 /ʃams/ ፀሐይ /sˤaħaj/ שמש /ʃemeʃ/
Moon 𐎊𐎗𐎈 /jaːriχ/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jeraħ/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jaræħ/ שהר /sahr/ 𐩥𐩧𐩭 /warkʰ/ ወርኅ /warχ/ ירח /jɔːreːaħ/
Mother 𐎜𐎎 /ʔumm/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ אמ /ʔem/ 𐩱𐩣 /ʔumm/ እም /ʔəmm/ אם /ʔeːm/
Father 𐎜𐎁 /ʔabu/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔav/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔab/ אב /ʔab/ 𐩱𐩨 /ʔab/ አብ /ʔab/ אב /ʔɔːv/
Eat 𐎍𐎈𐎎 /laħam/ 𐤀𐤊𐤋 /ʔakal/ 𐤀𐤊𐤋 /ʔakal/ אכל /ʔakal/ 𐩱𐩫𐩡 /ʔakal/ በልዐ /balʕa/ אכל /ʔɔːxal/
Drink 𐎌𐎚𐎊 /ʃataju/ 𐤔𐤕 /ʃat/ 𐤔𐤕 /ʃat/ שתה /ʃataː/ 𐩪𐩩𐩺 /ʃataja/ ሰትየ /satja/ שתה /ʃɔːθɔː/
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