Proto-Dravidian

Proto-language (reconstructed) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyProto-language (reconstructed) SpeakersExtinct (hypothetical) ScriptNone / reconstructed CountriesSouthern / central India (hypothetical) Official inNone Vitalityextinct

Proto-Dravidian is the reconstructed ancestor of the Dravidian family of southern and central India (Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and others). It is variously dated to roughly the 4th–3rd millennium BCE; the absolute date is unsettled, and recent Bayesian phylogenetic work (Kolipakam et al. 2018) estimates the family root near ~2500 BCE. Some scholars link it to the Indus region, though this remains unproven.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Proto-Dravidian

Water

*nīr

/nīr/

Fire

*tī

/tī/

Sun

/—/

Moon

*nilā

/nilā/

Star

/—/

Mother

*amma

/amma/

Father

*appa

/appa/

I

*yān

/yān/

You

*nī

/nī/

Name

*peyar

/peyar/

Eye

*kaṇ

/kaṇ/

Hand

*kay

/kay/

Heart

*neñcu

/neñcu/

Love

/—/

Tree

*maram

/maram/

House

*il

/il/

Dog

*nāy

/nāy/

Cat

/—/

Eat

*uṇ

/uṇ/

Drink

*kuṭi

/kuṭi/

One

*oru

/oru/

Two

*iraṇṭu

/iraṇṭu/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/—/

Good

*nal

/nal/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Proto-language (reconstructed) languages

Meaning Proto-DravidianKuviKodavaTamilProto-Japonic-KoreanicUmbrianProto-Kra-Dai
Water *nīr /nīr/ ēru /eːru/ ನೀರ್ /niːr/ நீர் /niːɾ/ /—/ utur /ˈu.tur/ *naːm /naːm/
Fire *tī /tī/ nēsi /neːsi/ ಬೆಂಕಿ /beŋki/ தீ /tiː/ /—/ pir /pir/ *vɤj /vɤj/
Sun /—/ vēla /ʋeːla/ ಪೊತ್ತ್ /pottɨ/ சூரியன் /suːɾijan/ /—/ /—/ /—/
Moon *nilā /nilā/ lēnʒu /leːndʒu/ ತಿಂಗಳ್ /tiŋɡəɭ/ நிலா /nilaː/ /—/ /—/ /—/
Star /—/ sukka /sukka/ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ /nakʂat̪ra/ நட்சத்திரம் /naʈɕat̪t̪iɾam/ /—/ /—/ /—/
Mother *amma /amma/ āva /aːʋa/ ಅವ್ವ /avva/ அம்மா /ammaː/ *əma /əma/ matrer /ˈma.trer/ /—/
Father *appa /appa/ bāva /baːʋa/ ಅಪ್ಪಯ್ಯ /appajja/ அப்பா /appaː/ *əpa /əpa/ patre /ˈpa.tre/ /—/
I *yān /yān/ nānu /naːnu/ ನಾನ್ /naːn/ நான் /naːn/ /—/ /—/ *kuː /kuː/
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