Prūsiska bila

Old Prussian

Indo-European

FamilyIndo-European Speakers0 (extinct early 18th century) ScriptLatin CountriesHistorical: East Prussia Official inNo (extinct; modern Lithuanian/Polish in original territory) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3prg

Old Prussian (Prūsiska bila, "Prussian language") was the principal language of the West Baltic Pruzzians (also Aestii, Pruzzi), inhabitants of East Prussia until they were Germanized after the Teutonic Order conquest (1230s-1410s). Distinct from East Baltic Lithuanian and Latvian, Old Prussian shows archaic Indo-European features lost in those languages: preservation of nominative singular -s in some classes, simpler consonant alternations, and Germanic-style declension simplification. Reconstructed primarily from three surviving Catechisms (1545-1561) and the 14th-century Elbing Vocabulary. A modern Old Prussian revival movement, led by linguists since the 1980s, attempts to make Old Prussian a usable second language.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Old Prussian

Water

undan

/undan/

Fire

panno

/panːo/

Sun

saule

/saule/

Moon

menins

/menins/

Mother

mūti

/muːti/

Father

tāws

/taːws/

Eat

īst

/iːst/

Drink

poūton

/poʊton/

Love

milīt

/miliːt/

Heart

sīran

/siːran/

Tree

garrin

/ˈɡarin/

House

butt

/butː/

Dog

sūns

/suːns/

Cat

katto

/katːo/

Hand

rancko

/ranko/

Eye

ackis

/akis/

Hello

kaīls

/kaiːls/

Thank you

dīnkun

/diːnkun/

One

ains

/ains/

Good

labs

/labs/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European languages

Meaning Old PrussianLatvianSamogitianOld FrisianMiddle EnglishGothicGreenlandic
Water undan /undan/ ūdens /uːdɛns/ vondou /vɔndɔu/ wetir /vetiɾ/ water /watər/ 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 /wɑtoː/ imeq /imeq/
Fire panno /panːo/ uguns /uɡuns/ ognės /ɔɡneːs/ fiur /fjuːɾ/ fyr /fyːr/ 𐍆𐍉𐌽 /foːn/ ikuallaq /ikuaɬːaq/
Sun saule /saule/ saule /saulɛ/ saulė /sauleː/ sunne /sunːe/ sonne /sɔnːə/ 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉 /sunːoː/ seqineq /seqineq/
Moon menins /menins/ mēness /meːnɛs/ mienou /mʲeːnɔu/ mōna /moːnɑ/ mone /moːnə/ 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌰 /meːnɑ/ qaammat /qaːmːat/
Mother mūti /muːti/ māte /maːtɛ/ mama /mama/ moder /moːdeɾ/ moder /moːdər/ 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹 /aiθiː/ anaana /anaːna/
Father tāws /taːws/ tēvs /teːvs/ tievs /tʲieːvs/ feder /fædeɾ/ fader /faːdər/ 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 /ɑtːɑ/ ataata /ataːta/
Eat īst /iːst/ ēst /eːst/ valgītė /vaɫɡʲiːteː/ eta /etɑ/ eten /eːtən/ 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 /mɑtjɑn/ nerivoq /neɾivoq/
Drink poūton /poʊton/ dzert /d͡zɛrt/ gertė /ɡʲɛrteː/ drinka /dɾinkɑ/ drinken /drɪŋkən/ 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌽 /driŋkɑn/ imerpoq /imeɾpoq/
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