Prūsiska bila

Old Prussian

Indo-European

FamilyIndo-European Speakers0 (extinct early 18th century) ScriptLatin CountriesHistorical: East Prussia Official inNo (extinct; modern Lithuanian/Polish in original territory) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3prg

Old Prussian (Prūsiska bila, "Prussian language") was the principal language of the West Baltic Pruzzians (also Aestii, Pruzzi), inhabitants of East Prussia until they were Germanized after the Teutonic Order conquest (1230s-1410s). Distinct from East Baltic Lithuanian and Latvian, Old Prussian shows archaic Indo-European features lost in those languages: preservation of nominative singular -s in some classes, simpler consonant alternations, and Germanic-style declension simplification. Reconstructed primarily from three surviving Catechisms (1545-1561) and the 14th-century Elbing Vocabulary. A modern Old Prussian revival movement, led by linguists since the 1980s, attempts to make Old Prussian a usable second language.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Old Prussian

Water

undan

/undan/

Fire

panno

/panːo/

Sun

saule

/saule/

Moon

menins

/menins/

Star

lauxnos

/ˈlauksnɔs/

Mother

mūti

/muːti/

Father

tāws

/taːws/

I

as

/as/

You

/tuː/

Name

emnes

/ˈemnes/

Eye

ackis

/akis/

Hand

rancko

/ranko/

Heart

sīran

/siːran/

Love

milīt

/miliːt/

Tree

garrin

/ˈɡarin/

House

butt

/butː/

Dog

sūns

/suːns/

Cat

katto

/katːo/

Eat

īst

/iːst/

Drink

poūton

/poʊton/

One

ains

/ains/

Two

dwai

/dwai/

Hello

kaīls

/kaiːls/

Thank you

dīnkun

/diːnkun/

Good

labs

/labs/

Cuckoo

geguse

/ɡɛˈɡuːzɛ/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European languages

Meaning Old PrussianLatvianOld FrisianSamogitianMiddle EnglishLatgalianGothic
Water undan /undan/ ūdens /uːdɛns/ wetir /wetir/ vondou /vɔndɔu/ water /watər/ iudiņs /ˈiudʲinʲtsʲ/ 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 /wɑtoː/
Fire panno /panːo/ uguns /uɡuns/ fiur /fjuːɾ/ ognės /ɔɡneːs/ fyr /fyːr/ guņs /ˈɡunʲtsʲ/ 𐍆𐍉𐌽 /foːn/
Sun saule /saule/ saule /saulɛ/ sunne /sunːe/ saulė /sauleː/ sonne /sɔnːə/ saule /ˈsaulʲæ/ 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉 /sunːoː/
Moon menins /menins/ mēness /meːnɛs/ mōna /moːnɑ/ mienou /mʲeːnɔu/ mone /moːnə/ mienesnīks /ˈmʲienʲesnʲiːks/ 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌰 /meːnɑ/
Star lauxnos /ˈlauksnɔs/ zvaigzne /ˈzvaɪɡzne/ stera /ˈstɛra/ žvaigždė /ʒvaɪɡʒdeː/ sterre /ˈstɛrːə/ zvaigzne /ˈzvaiɡznʲæ/ 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 /stɛrnoː/
Mother mūti /muːti/ māte /maːtɛ/ moder /moːdeɾ/ mama /mama/ moder /moːdər/ muote /ˈmuotʲæ/ 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹 /aiθiː/
Father tāws /taːws/ tēvs /teːvs/ feder /fædeɾ/ tievs /tʲieːvs/ fader /faːdər/ tāvs /ˈtaːvs/ 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 /ɑtːɑ/
I as /as/ es /æs/ ik /ik/ /aʃ/ I /iː/ es /ˈæs/ 𐌹𐌺 /ik/
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