महाराष्ट्री प्राकृत

Maharastri Prakrit

Indo-European · historical / hidden variety

FamilyIndo-European Speakers0 (extinct as L1, ~13th c. CE) ScriptDevanagari CountriesHistorical: India Official inNo (extinct; modern Marathi mr occupies its original territory) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3pmh

Maharastri Prakrit (महाराष्ट्री प्राकृत) was the principal Middle Indo-Aryan literary language of the Indian subcontinent during the 1st century BCE through the 13th century CE, used as the language of post-canonical Jain narrative and commentarial literature (Jaina Maharashtri) and as the language of the courts of medieval Maharashtra. Maharashtri is sister to Pali (pi, the Theravada Buddhist canonical language) within the Middle Indic continuum, and ancestor of modern Marathi (mr). Distinctively, Maharashtri shows the most extensive lenition of Old Indo-Aryan stops (Sanskrit *p > Prakrit v, *t > d, *k > g) among Prakrits, making it phonologically the most "softened" Middle Indo-Aryan language. Major literary works include the Setubandha (Pravarasena, 5th c. CE), Gathasaptasati (Hala, 1st c. CE), and a large body of Jaina Maharashtri narrative literature; the Jain canonical Agamas themselves are composed in Ardhamagadhi rather than Maharashtri.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Maharastri Prakrit

Water

उदग

/udaɡa/

Fire

अग्गि

/aɡɡi/

Sun

सूर

/suːɾa/

Moon

चंद

/tʃanda/

Star

तारा

/taːɾaː/

Mother

माय

/maːja/

Father

पिअ

/piaː/

I

अहं

/ahan/

You

तुमं

/tuman/

Name

णाम

/ɳaːma/

Eye

अच्छि

/atʃːʰi/

Hand

हत्थ

/hatːʰa/

Heart

हिअ

/hiaː/

Love

पेम

/peːma/

Tree

रुक्ख

/rukːʰa/

House

घर

/ɡʱaɾa/

Dog

सुणग

/suɳaɡa/

Cat

मज्जार

/madʒːaːra/

Eat

खा

/kʰaː/

Drink

पिब

/piba/

One

एग

/eɡa/

Two

दो

/do/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/—/

Good

साहु

/saːhu/

Cuckoo

कोइल

/koˑilɐ/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European languages

Meaning Maharastri PrakritPaliPedagogical Pali (Theravada monastic)SanskritMaithiliDogriKangri
Water उदग /udaɡa/ उदक /udaka/ udaka /udaka/ जलम् /dʑalam/ पानी /paːniː/ पाणी /paːɳiː/ पाणी /paːɳiː/
Fire अग्गि /aɡɡi/ अग्गि /aɡːi/ aggi /aɡːi/ अग्निः /aɡniɦ/ आगि /aːɡi/ अग्ग /aɡː/ अग्ग /aɡː/
Sun सूर /suːɾa/ सुरिय /surija/ suriya /suɾija/ सूर्यः /suːɾjaɦ/ सूरज /suːrədʒ/ सूरज /suːraj/ सूरज /suːraj/
Moon चंद /tʃanda/ चन्द /tɕanda/ canda /tɕanda/ चन्द्रः /tɕandɾaɦ/ चान /tʃaːn/ चन्न /tʃanː/ चन्न /tʃanː/
Star तारा /taːɾaː/ तारा /taːraː/ tārā /ˈt̪aːraː/ तारा /taːraː/ तारा /taːraː/ तारा /taːraː/ तारा /taːɾaː/
Mother माय /maːja/ माता /maːtaː/ mātā /maːtaː/ माता /maːtaː/ माय /maːj/ मां /mãː/ बेबे /bebe/
Father पिअ /piaː/ पिता /pitaː/ pitā /pitaː/ पिता /pitaː/ बाबू /baːbuː/ बापू /baːpuː/ बापू /baːpuː/
I अहं /ahan/ अहं /ahaŋ/ ahaṃ /ɐˈhɐŋ/ अहम् /ɐɦɐm/ हम /ɦəm/ औं /ɔ̃ː/ हाऊं /ɦãũ/
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