Messapus
Messapic
Indo-European · historical / hidden variety
Messapic (Messapus, "Messapian") was the language of the Iapyges/Iapygians of southeastern Italy (the heel of the boot — Apulia, Calabria) from c. 6th century BCE until its extinction by ~1st century BCE through Roman Latinization. Genealogical classification is debated: some scholars classify Messapic as Italic alongside Latin, Oscan, Umbrian; others classify it as Illyrian (sister to languages of the eastern Adriatic coast, including Albanian); a minority view sees it as a separate Indo-European branch. About 600 inscriptions survive, mostly funerary and votive, allowing partial reconstruction of phonology and noun morphology but limited verb morphology and almost no syntax. Distinctive features include initial *p preserved as p (vs. Italic *p > p Italic but contrasting with Albanian ph), and a unique vocative case ending -e similar to Indo-Iranian.
Where it is spoken
20 core words in Messapic
Water
—
/—/
Fire
—
/—/
Sun
—
/—/
Moon
—
/—/
Mother
—
/—/
Father
ana
/ˈana/
Eat
—
/—/
Drink
—
/—/
Love
—
/—/
Heart
—
/—/
Tree
—
/—/
House
—
/—/
Dog
—
/—/
Cat
—
/—/
Hand
—
/—/
Eye
—
/—/
Hello
—
/—/
Thank you
—
/—/
One
—
/—/
Good
—
/—/
Sources
Words compared
Compared with related Indo-European languages
| Meaning | Messapic | Nicaraguan Sign Language | Tartessian | Liburnian | Proto-Japonic-Koreanic | Goguryeo | Damin (Lardil ceremonial register) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | 買 /*mai/ | — /—/ |
| Fire | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | l!ii /lǃiː/ |
| Sun | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Moon | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Mother | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | *əma /əma/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Father | ana /ˈana/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | *əpa /əpa/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Eat | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Drink | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Love | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Heart | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| House | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Dog | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Hand | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Eye | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| One | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
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