English (Estuary)
Kiingereza (Estuary)
Kihindi-Ulaya (Magharibi Kijerumani, Kiingereza)
Kiingereza cha Mlango wa Thames (msimbo wa mradi en_est) ni jina lenye mjadala, lililobuniwa mwaka 1984, kwa kundi la sifa za matamshi ya kusini-mashariki mwa Uingereza na nafasi katika mwendelezo kati ya Received Pronunciation ya sasa au Kiingereza Sanifu cha Kusini mwa Uingereza na usemi maarufu wa London, ukiwemo Cockney. Kinahusishwa na London, mlango wa Thames na kaunti zinazozunguka mji huo, ingawa sifa zake nyingi zimeenea zaidi. Sifa zinazotajwa mara nyingi ni kutotamka r baada ya irabu, kutamka /t/ kama sauti ya koo katika nafasi fulani, kugeuza /l/ nzito kuwa irabu, muungano wa yod na mabadiliko ya irabuunganifu; wingi wake hutofautiana kwa mzungumzaji, mtindo, umri, tabaka na mahali. Sarufi na matumizi sanifu kwa kawaida hutofautisha jina hilo na Cockney pana, huku udondoshaji wa h na kusogeza TH mbele zikiwa si sifa fafanuzi za kudumu. Kwa hiyo wanaisimu wengi huona “Kiingereza cha Mlango” si lafudhi moja thabiti isiyo na tabaka, bali jina rahisi, na wakati mwingine lenye kupotosha, kwa mifumo inayoingiliana ya tofauti za kieneo na kijamii.
Inakozungumzwa
Maneno 31 ya msingi katika Kiingereza (Estuary)
Maji
water
/ˈwɔːʔə/
Moto
fire
/fɑɪə/
Jua
sun
/sʌn/
Mwezi
moon
/muːn/
Nyota
star
/stɑː/
Mama
mother
/ˈmʌðə/
Baba
father
/ˈfɑːðə/
Mimi
I
/ɑɪ/
Wewe
you
/juː/
Jina
name
/næɪm/
Jicho
eye
/ɑɪ/
Mkono
hand
/hænd/
Moyo
heart
/hɑːʔ/
Upendo
love
/lʌv/
Mti
tree
/tɹiː/
Nyumba
house
/hæʊs/
Mbwa
dog
/dɒɡ/
Paka
cat
/kæʔ/
Kula
eat
/iːʔ/
Kunywa
drink
/dɹɪŋk/
Moja
one
/wʌn/
Mbili
two
/tuː/
Habari
hello
/həˈlʌʊ/
Asante
thanks
/θæŋks/
Nzuri
good
/ɡʊd/
Vyanzo
- Wells (1982) Accents of English
- International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA)
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Indo-European (West Germanic, English) zinazohusiana
| Maana | Kiingereza (Estuary) | Kiingereza (Afrika Kusini) | Kiingereza | Kiingereza (Kiwelshi) | Kiingereza (Ghana) | Kiingereza (West Country) | Kiingereza (Cockney) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | water /ˈwɔːʔə/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ | water /ˈwɔːtɚ/ | water /ˈwoːʔə/ |
| Moto | fire /fɑɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /faɪɚ/ | fire /fɑːə/ |
| Jua | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sɐn/ |
| Mwezi | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ |
| Nyota | star /stɑː/ | star /stɑː/ | star /stɑːɹ/ | star /staː/ | star /staː/ | star /stɑːɹ/ | star /stɑː/ |
| Mama | mother /ˈmʌðə/ | mother /ˈmʌðə/ | mother /ˈmʌðə/ | mother /ˈmʌðə/ | mother /ˈmʌðə/ | mother /ˈmʌðɚ/ | mother /ˈmɐvə/ |
| Baba | father /ˈfɑːðə/ | father /ˈfɑːðə/ | father /ˈfɑːðə/ | father /ˈfɑːðə/ | father /ˈfaːðə/ | father /ˈvɑːðɚ/ | father /ˈfɑːvə/ |
| Mimi | I /ɑɪ/ | I /ɑɪ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /ɑɪ/ |
| Wewe | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ |
| Jina | name /næɪm/ | name /naɪm/ | name /neɪm/ | name /neːm/ | name /neɪm/ | name /neɪm/ | name /næɪm/ |
| Jicho | eye /ɑɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /ɑː/ |
| Mkono | hand /hænd/ | hand /hænd/ | hand /hænd/ | hand /hand/ | hand /hænd/ | hand /hand/ | hand /ænd/ |
| Moyo | heart /hɑːʔ/ | heart /hɑːt/ | heart /hɑːt/ | heart /hɑːt/ | heart /haːt/ | heart /hɑːɹt/ | heart /ɑːʔ/ |
| Upendo | love /lʌv/ | love /lʌv/ | love /lʌv/ | love /lʌv/ | love /lʌv/ | love /lʌv/ | love /lɐv/ |
| Mti | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /triː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ |
| Nyumba | house /hæʊs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /æːʔs/ |
| Mbwa | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɔɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ |
| Paka | cat /kæʔ/ | cat /kæt/ | cat /kæt/ | cat /kʰat/ | cat /kæt/ | cat /kat/ | cat /kæʔ/ |
| Kula | eat /iːʔ/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːʔ/ |
| Kunywa | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /drɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ |
| Moja | one /wʌn/ | one /wʌn/ | one /wʌn/ | one /wʌn/ | one /wʌn/ | one /wʌn/ | one /wɐn/ |
| Mbili | two /tuː/ | two /tʉː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tʰuː/ |
| Habari | hello /həˈlʌʊ/ | hello /həˈləʊ/ | hello /həˈləʊ/ | hello /həˈləʊ/ | hello /həˈloː/ | hello /hɛˈloʊ/ | oi /oɪ/ |
| Asante | thanks /θæŋks/ | thanks /θæŋks/ | thank you /θæŋk juː/ | thanks /θaŋks/ | thanks /θæŋks/ | thanks /θaŋks/ | fanks /fæŋks/ |
| Nzuri | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ |
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