Íslenska
Icelandic
Germanic
Also known as: Icelandic, Íslenska
Icelandic has remained remarkably conservative — Icelanders can still read medieval Sagas (12-13th century) in the original. As a North Germanic language descending from Old Norse, it preserves the four-case noun system, three grammatical genders, and complex verb conjugation. Strong language purism encourages neologisms over loanwords (tölva 'computer' from tala+völva).
Where it is spoken
31 core words in Icelandic
Water
vatn
/vahtn/
Fire
eldur
/ɛltʏɹ/
Sun
sól
/souːl/
Moon
tungl
/tʰuŋkl/
Star
stjarna
/ˈstjadna/
Mother
móðir
/mouːðɪɹ/
Father
faðir
/faðɪɹ/
I
ég
/jɛːɣ/
You
þú
/θuː/
Name
nafn
/napn̥/
Eye
auga
/œyːɣa/
Hand
hönd
/hœnt/
Heart
hjarta
/çaɹta/
Love
ást
/auːst/
Tree
tré
/tʰrjɛː/
House
hús
/huːs/
Dog
hundur
/hʏntʏɹ/
Cat
köttur
/kʰœhtʏɹ/
Eat
borða
/pɔrða/
Drink
drekka
/trɛhka/
One
einn
/eitn/
Two
tveir
/tʰveir/
Hello
halló
/halouː/
Thank you
takk
/tʰahk/
Good
góður
/kouːðʏr/
Cuckoo
gaukur
/ˈɡœyːkʏr/
Woof
voff voff
/vɔfː vɔfː/
Computer
tölva
/ˈtʰœlva/
Sushi
sushi
/ˈsuːsɪ/
Dopamine
dópamín
/ˈtouːpaˌmin/
At sign (@)
atmerki
/ˈaːtmɛrcɪ/
Sources
Words compared
Compared with related Germanic languages
| Meaning | Icelandic | Faroese | Old Norse | Swedish | Low German | Norwegian Nynorsk | Middle English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | vatn /vahtn/ | vatn /vahtn/ | vatn /vɑtn/ | vatten /vatːɛn/ | Water /vɑːtɐ/ | vatn /vɑːtn/ | water /watər/ |
| Fire | eldur /ɛltʏɹ/ | eldur /ɛltʊɹ/ | eldr /eldr/ | eld /ɛld/ | Füer /fyːɐ/ | eld /ɛld/ | fyr /fyːr/ |
| Sun | sól /souːl/ | sól /sɔuːl/ | sól /soːl/ | sol /suːl/ | Sünn /zʏn/ | sol /suːl/ | sonne /sɔnːə/ |
| Moon | tungl /tʰuŋkl/ | máni /mɔaːnɪ/ | máni /mɑːni/ | måne /moːnɛ/ | Maan /maːn/ | måne /moːnə/ | mone /moːnə/ |
| Star | stjarna /ˈstjadna/ | stjørna /ˈtʃœdna/ | stjarna /ˈstjarna/ | stjärna /ˈɧæːɳa/ | Steern /steːrn/ | stjerne /ˈʃæːɳə/ | sterre /ˈstɛrːə/ |
| Mother | móðir /mouːðɪɹ/ | móðir /mɔuːɪɹ/ | móðir /moːðir/ | mamma /mamːa/ | Moder /moːdɐ/ | mor /muːr/ | moder /moːdər/ |
| Father | faðir /faðɪɹ/ | faðir /fɛaːjɪɹ/ | faðir /fɑðir/ | pappa /papːa/ | Vader /fɑːdɐ/ | far /fɑːr/ | fader /faːdər/ |
| I | ég /jɛːɣ/ | eg /eː/ | ek /ek/ | jag /jɑːɡ/ | ik /ɪk/ | eg /eːɡ/ | I /iː/ |
| You | þú /θuː/ | tú /tʉuː/ | þú /θuː/ | du /dʉː/ | du /duː/ | du /dʉː/ | thou /θuː/ |
| Name | nafn /napn̥/ | navn /naun/ | nafn /nafn/ | namn /namn/ | Naam /naːm/ | namn /nɑmn/ | name /ˈnaːmə/ |
| Eye | auga /œyːɣa/ | eyga /ɛiːja/ | auga /ɑuɣɑ/ | öga /øːɡa/ | Oog /oːx/ | auga /æʉɡɑ/ | eye /iːə/ |
| Hand | hönd /hœnt/ | hond /hɔnt/ | hǫnd /hɔnd/ | hand /hand/ | Hand /hant/ | hand /hɑnd/ | hand /hand/ |
| Heart | hjarta /çaɹta/ | hjarta /jaɹta/ | hjarta /hjɑrtɑ/ | hjärta /ˈjæʈːa/ | Hart /haɐt/ | hjarte /jɑːrtə/ | herte /hɛrtə/ |
| Love | ást /auːst/ | kærleiki /kɛaːɹlaiːtʃɪ/ | ást /ɑːst/ | kärlek /ɕæːɭɛk/ | Leev /leːf/ | kjærleik /çæːrlɛik/ | love /lʊvə/ |
| Tree | tré /tʰrjɛː/ | træ /tɹɛaː/ | tré /treː/ | träd /trɛːd/ | Boom /boːm/ | tre /treː/ | tre /treː/ |
| House | hús /huːs/ | hús /huːs/ | hús /huːs/ | hus /hʉːs/ | Huus /huːs/ | hus /huːs/ | hous /huːs/ |
| Dog | hundur /hʏntʏɹ/ | hundur /hʊntʊɹ/ | hundr /hundr/ | hund /hɵnd/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | hund /hʉnd/ | hound /huːnd/ |
| Cat | köttur /kʰœhtʏɹ/ | ketta /tʃɛhta/ | kǫttr /kɔtːr/ | katt /katː/ | Katt /kat/ | katt /kɑtː/ | catte /katːə/ |
| Eat | borða /pɔrða/ | eta /eːta/ | eta /etɑ/ | äta /ɛːta/ | eten /eːtn̩/ | eta /eːtɑ/ | eten /eːtən/ |
| Drink | drekka /trɛhka/ | drekka /tɹɛhka/ | drekka /drekːɑ/ | dricka /drɪkːa/ | drinken /drɪŋkn̩/ | drikka /drɪkːɑ/ | drinken /drɪŋkən/ |
| One | einn /eitn/ | ein /ain/ | einn /ɛinː/ | en /eːn/ | een /eːn/ | ein /ɛɪn/ | oon /oːn/ |
| Two | tveir /tʰveir/ | tveir /tvaɪɹ/ | tveir /tveir/ | två /tvoː/ | twee /tveː/ | to /tuː/ | two /twɔː/ |
| Hello | halló /halouː/ | hey /hɛi/ | heill /hɛilː/ | hej /hɛj/ | Moin /mɔɪn/ | hei /hɛɪ/ | hail /hɛːl/ |
| Thank you | takk /tʰahk/ | takk /tʰahk/ | þǫkk /θɔkː/ | tack /takː/ | Dankschöön /daŋkʃøːn/ | takk /tɑkː/ | thank /θank/ |
| Good | góður /kouːðʏr/ | góður /kɔuːʊɹ/ | góðr /ɡoːðr/ | bra /brɑː/ | good /ɡoːt/ | god /ɡuːd/ | good /ɡoːd/ |
| Cuckoo | gaukur /ˈɡœyːkʏr/ | geykur /ˈtʃɛiːkʊr/ | gaukr /ˈɡɔukr̩/ | gök /jøːk/ | Kukuk /ˈkuːkuk/ | gauk /ɡæʉk/ | cuccu /ˈkukuː/ |
| Woof | voff voff /vɔfː vɔfː/ | voff voff /vɔfː vɔfː/ | — | voff voff /vɔf vɔf/ | — | — | — |
| Computer | tölva /ˈtʰœlva/ | telda /ˈtʰɛlda/ | — | dator /ˈdɑːtɔr/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtɐ/ | datamaskin /ˈdɑːtamaˌʃiːn/ | rekenere /ˈrɛkənɛːrə/ |
| Sushi | sushi /ˈsuːsɪ/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ | skreið /ˈskreið/ | sushi /ˈsʉːɧi/ | Sushi /ˈzuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsʉːʃi/ | stokfish /ˈstɔkfiʃ/ |
| Dopamine | dópamín /ˈtouːpaˌmin/ | Dopamin /doːpaˈmiːn/ | — | dopamin /dɔpaˈmiːn/ | Dopamin /dopaˈmiːn/ | dopamin /dʉpaˈmiːn/ | — |
| At sign (@) | atmerki /ˈaːtmɛrcɪ/ | kurla /ˈkʰʊɭa/ | — | snabel-a /ˈsnɑːbɛlɑː/ | — | — | — |
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