高句麗語
Goguryeo
Koreanic (debated; possible Japonic affinity) · historical / hidden variety
Goguryeo is the extinct language of the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea (1c. BCE - 668 CE). Its genetic affiliation is hotly contested — Beckwith (2004), Vovin (2013), and Whitman (2011) propose a Japonic relationship based on the famous numeral cognates 三=密 (mil) ↔ Old Japanese mi, 五=于次 (uci) ↔ itu, 七=難隱 (nanǝn) ↔ nana, 十=徳 (tǝk) ↔ töwo; other scholars place it as a sister of Korean or a Buyeo-family language. The corpus is ~80 toponyms in Samguk Sagi vol. 37, giving very thin basic-vocabulary attestation — hence most cells here are intentionally "—".
Where it is spoken
31 core words in Goguryeo
Water
買
/*mai/
Fire
—
/—/
Sun
—
/—/
Moon
—
/—/
Star
—
/—/
Mother
—
/—/
Father
—
/—/
I
—
/—/
You
—
/—/
Name
—
/—/
Eye
—
/—/
Hand
—
/—/
Heart
—
/—/
Love
—
/—/
Tree
—
/—/
House
—
/—/
Dog
—
/—/
Cat
—
/—/
Eat
—
/—/
Drink
—
/—/
One
—
/—/
Two
—
/—/
Hello
—
/—/
Thank you
—
/—/
Good
—
/—/
Sources
- Beckwith, Christopher I. (2004) Koguryo: The Language of Japan's Continental Relatives. Leiden: Brill
- Vovin, Alexander (2013) From Koguryo to Tamna. Korean Linguistics 15(2)
- Whitman, John (2011) Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan. Rice 4
Words compared
Compared with related Koreanic (debated; possible Japonic affinity) languages
| Meaning | Goguryeo | Nicaraguan Sign Language | Tartessian | Liburnian | Proto-Hmong-Mien | Meroitic | Messapic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | 買 /*mai/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | *ʔuwm /ʔuwm/ | 𐦠𐦶 /ato/ | — /—/ |
| Fire | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Sun | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | 𐦨𐦯 /ˈmasa/ | — /—/ |
| Moon | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Star | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Mother | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Father | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ana /ˈana/ |
| I | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| You | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Name | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Eye | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Hand | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Heart | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Love | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| House | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Dog | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Eat | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Drink | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| One | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Two | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | *ʔwei /ʔwei/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
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