mos diau-d

Khitan

Mongolic (Para-Mongolic) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyMongolic (Para-Mongolic) SpeakersExtinct (~10-13c. CE) ScriptKhitan Large Script (920 CE) / Khitan Small Script (925 CE) CountriesLiao Empire (Northeast China, Mongolia, Korea) Official inLiao dynasty (907-1125) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3zkt

Khitan was an extinct Para-Mongolic language spoken by the Khitan people of northeastern Asia and used by the Liao dynasty (907–1125); its exact relationship to the Mongolic languages remains a subject of historical-linguistic research. It is recorded in two different writing systems, both created in the early tenth century: the Chinese-inspired Khitan Large Script in 920 and the structurally distinct Khitan Small Script around 925. The scripts continued to be used after the Liao period under the Jin and Western Liao, especially in commemorative inscriptions and epitaphs. Neither system is fully deciphered: the Small Script combines signs in blocks and preserves more recoverable phonological information, while much of the Large Script remains difficult to interpret. Surviving inscriptions nonetheless provide evidence for Khitan vocabulary, grammar, personal names, titles, and institutions.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Khitan

Water

muri

/muri/

Fire

niár

/niar/

Sun

𘲺

/nair/

Moon

𘭧

/sair/

Star

od

/od/

Mother

eme

/eme/

Father

ai

/ai/

I

bi

/bi/

You

ši

/ʃi/

Name

niru

/niru/

Eye

nït

/nit/

Hand

ɣar

/ɣar/

Heart

niyàmen

/nijamen/

Love

nasun

/nasun/

Tree

mau

/mau/

House

boo

/boː/

Dog

𘰕𘯛

/niaqan/

Cat

/—/

Eat

idi

/idi/

Drink

umi

/umi/

One

𘬣

/omsu/

Two

jur

/dʒuːr/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/—/

Good

sayïn

/sajin/

Words compared

Compared with related Mongolic (Para-Mongolic) languages

Meaning KhitanJurchenProto-MongolicMiddle MongolClassical MongolianKalmykEastern Yugur
Water muri /muri/ muke /muke/ *usun /usun/ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ усн /usn/ ус /us/
Fire niár /niar/ tuwa /tuwa/ *gal /gal/ ᠭᠠᠯ /ɣal/ ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡal/ гал /ɡal/ гал /ɡal/
Sun 𘲺 /nair/ šun /ʃun/ *naran /naran/ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ нарн /narn/ нар /nar/
Moon 𘭧 /sair/ biya /bija/ *sara /sara/ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ сар /sar/ сар /sar/
Star od /od/ usiha /usixa/ *hodun /hodun/ ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠨ /hodun/ ᠣᠳᠣᠨ /odun/ одн /odn/ ходэн /χoden/
Mother eme /eme/ eme /eme/ *eke /eke/ ᠡᠭᠡ /eke/ ᠡᠬᠡ /eke/ ээҗ /eːdʒ/ ээж /eːʒ/
Father ai /ai/ ama /ama/ *ečige /ečige/ ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ аав /aːv/ аава /ɑːva/
I bi /bi/ bi /bi/ *bi /bi/ ᠪᠢ /bi/ ᠪᠢ /bi/ би /bi/ би /bi/
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Han readings compared

Compared with related Para-Mongolic (Mongolic-Khitan branch, debated) languages

Character KhitanProto-MongolicSibeProto-TungusicManchuJurchenYuan Phags-pa Chinese
om /əm/ *nigen /*niɡen/ emu /əmu/ *əmun /*əmun/ emu /emu/ emu /emu/ ʔi /ʔi/
jur /dʒur/ *qoyar /*qojar/ juwe /dʑuwə/ *dʒuər /*dʒuər/ juwe /dʒuwə/ juwe /dʑuwe/ ʐɨ /ʐɨ/
gur /ɡur/ *gurba(n) /*gurban/ ilan /ilan/ *ilan /*ilan/ ilan /ilan/ ilan /ilan/ sam /sam/
dur /dur/ *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ duin /duin/ *dügin /*dyɡin/ duin /duin/ duin /duin/ sɿ /sɿ/
tau /tau/ *tabu(n) /*tabun/ sunja /sundʑa/ *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ sunja /sundʒa/ sunja /sundʑa/ ʔu /ʔu/
nil /nil/ *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ ninggun /niŋɢun/ *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ ninggun /niŋɡun/ ninggun /niŋɡun/ liw /liw/
dalu /dalu/ *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ nadan /nadan/ *nadan /*nadan/ nadan /nadan/ nadan /nadan/ tshi /tsʰi/
naim /naim/ *nayima(n) /*najiman/ jakūn /dʑakɯn/ *dʒapkun /*dʒapkun/ jakūn /dʒakʰuːn/ jakūn /dʑakɯn/ ba /pa/
isen /isen/ *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ uyun /ujun/ *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ uyun /ujun/ uyun /ujun/ kiw /kiw/
par /par/ *harba(n) /*harban/ juwan /dʑuwan/ *dʒuwan /*dʒuwan/ juwan /dʒuwan/ juwan /dʑuwan/ ši /ʂɨ/
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