ئۇيغۇر
Eastern Yugur
Mongolic
Eastern Yugur (Shira Yugur) is a Mongolic language spoken by about 2,500 Yugur people, chiefly in Sunan Yugur Autonomous County in Gansu, China. Despite sharing an ethnic name and communities with Western Yugur, it belongs to a different language family: Western Yugur is Turkic, whereas Eastern Yugur is Mongolic. The language has agglutinative morphology and predominantly SOV word order, and centuries of contact have brought substantial influence from Tibetan and local Chinese varieties. Eastern Yugur lacks a broadly established everyday writing standard and is mainly documented through scholarly transcription; speakers usually use Chinese for literacy. With transmission to children declining, it is considered vulnerable or threatened.
Where it is spoken
31 core words in Eastern Yugur
Water
ус
/us/
Fire
гал
/ɡal/
Sun
нар
/nar/
Moon
сар
/sar/
Star
ходэн
/χoden/
Mother
ээж
/eːʒ/
Father
аава
/ɑːva/
I
би
/bi/
You
чи
/tʃi/
Name
нэрэ
/nere/
Eye
нүдэ
/nʏde/
Hand
гар
/ɡar/
Heart
зүрх
/zʏrχ/
Love
хайрлаха
/χajrlaχa/
Tree
мод
/mod/
House
гэр
/ɡer/
Dog
нохай
/noχaj/
Cat
мэшэ
/meʃe/
Eat
идэхэ
/ɪdeχe/
Drink
ухаха
/uχaχa/
One
нэг
/neɡ/
Two
гоор
/ɣoːr/
Hello
сайнар уу
/sajnar uː/
Thank you
баярлалаа
/bajarlalaː/
Good
сайн
/sajn/
Words compared
Compared with related Mongolic languages
| Meaning | Eastern Yugur | Mongolian | Classical Mongolian | Kalmyk | Buryat | Middle Mongol | Mongghul |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ус /us/ | ус /us/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | усн /usn/ | уһан /uhan/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | usu /usu/ |
| Fire | гал /ɡal/ | гал /ɡal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡal/ | гал /ɡal/ | гал /ɡal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɣal/ | ghal /ʁal/ |
| Sun | нар /nar/ | нар /nar/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | нарн /narn/ | наран /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | nara /nara/ |
| Moon | сар /sar/ | сар /sar/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | сар /sar/ | һара /hara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | sara /sara/ |
| Star | ходэн /χoden/ | од /ɔt/ | ᠣᠳᠣᠨ /odun/ | одн /odn/ | одон /oˈdõ/ | ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠨ /hodun/ | hodi /xoˈdi/ |
| Mother | ээж /eːʒ/ | ээж /eːdʒ/ | ᠡᠬᠡ /eke/ | ээҗ /eːdʒ/ | эхэ /exe/ | ᠡᠭᠡ /eke/ | ana /ana/ |
| Father | аава /ɑːva/ | аав /aːw/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | аав /aːv/ | эсэгэ /eseɡe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | ada /ada/ |
| I | би /bi/ | би /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | би /bi/ | би /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | bu /bu/ |
| You | чи /tʃi/ | чи /tʃʰi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | чи /tʃi/ | ши /ʃi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | chi /tɕi/ |
| Name | нэрэ /nere/ | нэр /ner/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | нерн /nern/ | нэрэ /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | nere /nərə/ |
| Eye | нүдэ /nʏde/ | нүд /nyd/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦ /nidü/ | нүдн /nyˈdn̩/ | нюдэн /nʲuden/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ /nidyn/ | nidu /nidu/ |
| Hand | гар /ɡar/ | гар /ɡar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɡar/ | һар /ɣar/ | гар /ɡar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɣar/ | ghar /ʁar/ |
| Heart | зүрх /zʏrχ/ | зүрх /dzyrx/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ /dʒirüke/ | зүркн /zyrˈkən/ | зүрхэн /zyrxen/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡ /dʒiryke/ | jürige /dʒyriɡe/ |
| Love | хайрлаха /χajrlaχa/ | хайр /xajr/ | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠ /xajira/ | дурлх /durlx/ | дуран /duran/ | ᠳᠤᠷᠠ /dura/ | durala- /durala/ |
| Tree | мод /mod/ | мод /mod/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤ /modu/ | модн /moˈdn̩/ | модон /modon/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤᠨ /modun/ | modu /modu/ |
| House | гэр /ɡer/ | гэр /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | гер /ɡer/ | гэр /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | ger /ɡer/ |
| Dog | нохай /noχaj/ | нохой /nɔxɔj/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noxai/ | ноха /noxa/ | нохой /noxoj/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | noghui /noʁui/ |
| Cat | мэшэ /meʃe/ | муур /muːr/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | миис /miːs/ | миисгэй /miːsɡej/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | mau /mau/ |
| Eat | идэхэ /ɪdeχe/ | идэх /idex/ | ᠢᠳᠡ- /ide-/ | иде /ide/ | эдеэлхэ /edeːlxe/ | ᠢᠳᠡ /ide/ | idi- /idi/ |
| Drink | ухаха /uχaχa/ | уух /uːx/ | ᠤᠭᠤ- /uɣu-/ | уу /uː/ | ууха /uːxa/ | ᠤᠭᠤ /uɣu/ | uu- /uː/ |
| One | нэг /neɡ/ | нэг /neɡ/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | негн /neɡn/ | нэгэн /neɡen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | nige /niɡe/ |
| Two | гоор /ɣoːr/ | хоёр /xɔˈjɔr/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | хойр /xojr/ | хоёр /xɔˈjɔr/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | ghoor /ʁoːr/ |
| Hello | сайнар уу /sajnar uː/ | сайн уу /sajn uː/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠤ /sajin uu/ | менд /mend/ | сайн байна /sajn bajna/ | ᠠᠮᠤᠷ /amur/ | amur sain /amur sain/ |
| Thank you | баярлалаа /bajarlalaː/ | баярлалаа /bajarlalaː/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠯᠠ /bajarlala/ | ханҗанав /xandʒanav/ | баярлаа /bajarlaː/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠪᠠ /bajarlaba/ | bayarla- /bajarla/ |
| Good | сайн /sajn/ | сайн /sajn/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sajin/ | сән /sæn/ | һайн /hajn/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sain/ | sain /sain/ |
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