原始モンゴル語
Proto-Mongolic
Mongolic (proto)
Proto-Mongolic is the reconstructed common ancestor of all Mongolic languages, including Khalkha Mongolian, Buryat, Kalmyk-Oirat, the Inner Mongolian varieties, Dagur, and the Qinghai-Gansu group (Monguor, Bonan, Dongxiang, etc.). It is conventionally dated to roughly the 5th-10th centuries CE on the Mongolian plateau, just before the rise of the Mongol Empire and the emergence of Middle Mongol. The reconstruction relies primarily on the Secret History of the Mongols, the ʼPhags-pa script materials, the Sino-Mongol glossaries, and systematic comparison of modern Mongolic languages. Reconstructions follow Janhunen (2003) and Nugteren (2011), with starred forms such as *nike(n) 'one', *naran 'sun', *mori(n) 'horse', and *kümün 'person'. Final -n is conventionally bracketed because it surfaces only in certain morphological contexts.
Where it is spoken
Han character readings in Proto-Mongolic
| Character | Meaning | Reading | Form | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | *nigen | /*niɡen/ | |
| 二 | two | *qoyar | /*qojar/ | |
| 三 | three | *gurba(n) | /*gurban/ | |
| 四 | four | *dörbe(n) | /*dœrben/ | |
| 五 | five | *tabu(n) | /*tabun/ | |
| 六 | six | *jirguɣa(n) | /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | |
| 七 | seven | *doluɣa(n) | /*doluɣan/ | |
| 八 | eight | *nayima(n) | /*najiman/ | |
| 九 | nine | *yersü(n) | /*jersyn/ | |
| 十 | ten | *harba(n) | /*harban/ | |
| 日 | sun | *naran | /*naran/ | |
| 月 | moon | *sara(n) | /*saran/ | |
| 山 | mountain | *agula | /*aɣula/ | |
| 水 | water | *usu(n) | /*usun/ | |
| 火 | fire | *gal | /*ɡal/ | |
| 木 | tree | *modu(n) | /*modun/ | |
| 土 | soil | *sirui | /*siruj/ | |
| 天 | sky | *teŋri | /*teŋri/ | |
| 地 | ground | *gajar | /*ɡadʒar/ | |
| 海 | sea | *dalai | /*dalaj/ | |
| 犬 | dog | *noxai | /*noxaj/ | |
| 馬 | horse | *mori(n) | /*morin/ | |
| 鳥 | bird | *sibawun | /*sibaʊn/ | |
| 魚 | fish | *jigasu(n) | /*dʒiɣasun/ | |
| 牛 | ox | *hüker | /*hyker/ | |
| 羊 | sheep | *honi(n) | /*honin/ | |
| 人 | person | *kümün | /*kymyn/ | |
| 手 | hand | *gar | /*ɡar/ | |
| 足 | foot | *köl | /*kœl/ | |
| 目 | eye | *nidün | /*nidyn/ | |
| 耳 | ear | *cikin | /*tʃikin/ | |
| 口 | mouth | *aman | /*aman/ | |
| 頭 | head | *terixün | /*terixyn/ | |
| 心 | heart | *jirüken | /*dʒiryken/ | |
| 血 | blood | *cisu(n) | /*tʃisun/ | |
| 肉 | meat | *mika(n) | /*mikan/ | |
| 上 | up | *degere | /*deɡere/ | |
| 下 | down | *doxora | /*doxora/ | |
| 中 | middle | *dumda | /*dumda/ | |
| 中 | hit | *dumda | /*dumda/ | |
| 左 | left | *jegün | /*dʒeɡyn/ | |
| 右 | right | *baragun | /*baraɣun/ | |
| 東 | east | *jegün | /*dʒeɡyn/ | |
| 西 | west | *baragun | /*baraɣun/ | |
| 南 | south | *emüne | /*emyne/ | |
| 北 | north | *hoyitu | /*hojitu/ | |
| 行 | go | *yabu- | /*jabu-/ | |
| 行 | row | *yabu- | /*jabu-/ | |
| 来 | come | *ire- | /*ire-/ | |
| 去 | leave | *od- | /*od-/ | |
| 見 | see | *üje- | /*ydʒe-/ | |
| 聞 | hear | *sonos- | /*sonos-/ | |
| 食 | eat | *ide- | /*ide-/ | |
| 飲 | drink | *uxu- | /*uxu-/ | |
| 走 | run | *güyü- | /*ɡyjy-/ | |
| 坐 | sit | *saxu- | /*saxu-/ | |
| 立 | stand | *bos- | /*bos-/ |
Sources
- Janhunen 2003
- Nugteren 2011
Han readings compared
Compared with related Mongolic (proto) languages
| Character | Proto-Mongolic | Khitan | Proto-Tungusic | Proto-Japonic | Proto-Koreanic | Proto-Tibeto-Burman | Proto-Hmong-Mien |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | *nigen /*niɡen/ | om /əm/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | *pitə-tu /*pitə-tu/ | *hʌtan /*hʌtan/ | — | *ʔɨ /*ʔɨ/ |
| 二 | *qoyar /*qojar/ | jur /dʒur/ | *dʒuər /*d͡ʒuər/ | *puta /*puta/ | *tupɨr /*tupɨɾ/ | *g-nis /*g-nis/ | *ʔu̯i /*ʔu̯i/ |
| 三 | *gurba(n) /*gurban/ | gur /ɡur/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | *mi /*mi/ | *seki /*seki/ | *g-sum /*g-sum/ | *pjɔu /*pjɔu/ |
| 四 | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ | dur /dur/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | *jə /*jə/ | *neki /*neki/ | *b-ləy /*b-ləy/ | *plei /*plei/ |
| 五 | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ | tau /tau/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | *itu /*itu/ | *tasəs /*tasəs/ | b- 形*b-ŋa /*b-ŋa/l- 形*l-ŋa /*l-ŋa/ | *prja /*prja/ |
| 六 | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | nil /nil/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | *mu /*mu/ | *jəsəs /*jəsəs/ | *d-k-ruk /*d-k-ruk/ | *kruk /*kruk/ |
| 七 | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ | dalu /dalu/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | *nana /*nana/ | *nirkup /*niɾkup/ | — | — |
| 八 | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ | naim /naim/ | *dʒapkun /*d͡ʒapkun/ | *ja /*ja/ | *jətərp /*jətəɾp/ | *b-r-gyat 形*b-r-gyat /*b-r-gyat/*b-g-ryat 形*b-g-ryat /*b-g-ryat/ | — |
| 九 | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ | isen /isen/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | *kəkənə /*kəkənə/ | *ahop /*ahop/ | *d-kəw /*d-kəw/ | *N-ɟuə̯X /*N-ɟuə̯X/ |
| 十 | *harba(n) /*harban/ | par /par/ | *dʒuwan /*d͡ʒuwan/ | *təwə /*təwə/ | *jer /*jeɾ/ | — | *gju̯əpD /*gju̯əpD/ |
| 日 | *naran /*naran/ | nair /nair/ | *siun /*siun/ | *pi /*pi/ | *hʌy /*hʌj/ | *nəy /*nəy/ | *hnu̯ɔiA /*hnu̯ɔiA/ |
| 月 | *sara(n) /*saran/ | sair /sair/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | *tukuy /*tukui/ | *tʌr /*tʌɾ/ | s- 形*s-la /*s-la/g- 形*g-la /*g-la/ | *hlaH /*hlaH/ |
| 山 | *agula /*aɣula/ | ula /ʊla/ | *xada /*xada/ | *jama /*jama/ | *moy /*moj/ | *r-i /*r-i/ | — |
| 水 | *usu(n) /*usun/ | us /ʊs/ | *mū /*muː/ | *mintu /*mintu/ | *mɨr /*mɨɾ/ | — | *ʔu̯əm /*ʔu̯əm/ |
| 火 | *gal /*ɡal/ | gal /ɡal/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | *poy /*poi/ | *pɨr /*pɨɾ/ | *mey /*mey/ | — |
| 木 | *modu(n) /*modun/ | — | *mō /*moː/ | *kəy /*kəi/ | *namk /*namk/ | — | *ntju̯əŋH /*ntju̯əŋH/ |
| 土 | *sirui /*siruj/ | — | *na /*na/ | *tuti /*tuti/ | *hʌrk /*hʌɾk/ | — | — |
| 天 | *teŋri /*teŋri/ | teŋri /tʰeŋri/ | *abka /*abka/ | *ama /*ama/ | *hanʌr /*hanʌɾ/ | — | — |
| 地 | *gajar /*ɡadʒar/ | — | *na /*na/ | — | *tʌh /*tʌh/ | — | — |
| 海 | *dalai /*dalaj/ | — | *lāmu /*laːmu/ | *umi /*umi/ | *parʌr /*paɾʌɾ/ | — | — |
| 犬 | *noxai /*noxaj/ | — | *ŋinda /*ŋinda/ | *enu /*enu/ | *kahi /*kahi/ | *kʷəy /*kʷəy/ | *qluwX /*qluwX/ |
| 馬 | *mori(n) /*morin/ | morin /morin/ | *murin /*murin/ | — | — | — | *mjænB /*mjænB/ |
| 鳥 | *sibawun /*sibaʊn/ | — | *gasa /*ɡasa/ | *təri /*təri/ | *say /*saj/ | — | *m-nɔk /*m-nɔk/ |
| 魚 | *jigasu(n) /*dʒiɣasun/ | — | *nimaka /*nimaka/ | *iwo /*iwo/ | *koki /*koki/ | *ŋ(y)a /*ŋ(y)a/ | *mbrəuX /*mbrəuX/ |
| 牛 | *hüker /*hyker/ | — | *xuker /*xuker/ | *usi /*usi/ | *sjo /*sjo/ | — | — |
| 羊 | *honi(n) /*honin/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 人 | *kümün /*kymyn/ | küü /kʰuː/ | *niama /*niama/ | *pitə /*pitə/ | *salʌm /*salʌm/ | *r-mi(y) /*r-mi(y)/ | *lan /*ʔja/ |
| 手 | *gar /*ɡar/ | — | *ŋāla /*ŋaːla/ | *ta /*ta/ | *son /*son/ | l- 形*l(y)ak /*l(y)ak/d- 形*dyak /*dyak/ | — |
| 足 | *köl /*kœl/ | — | *bəgdi /*bəɡdi/ | *asi /*asi/ | *par /*paɾ/ | — | — |
| 目 | *nidün /*nidyn/ | — | *jāsa /*jaːsa/ | *ma /*ma/ | *nun /*nun/ | *s-mik 形*s-mik /*s-mik/*s-myak 形*s-myak /*s-myak/ | — |
| 耳 | *cikin /*tʃikin/ | — | *sēn /*seːn/ | *mimi /*mimi/ | *kuy /*kuj/ | *r-na /*r-na/ | — |
| 口 | *aman /*aman/ | — | *amŋa /*amŋa/ | *kutuy /*kutui/ | *ip /*ip/ | — | — |
| 頭 | *terixün /*terixyn/ | — | *dil /*dil/ | *kasira /*kasira/ | *məri /*məɾi/ | — | *S-phreiX /*S-phreiX/ |
| 心 | *jirüken /*dʒiryken/ | — | *mēwan /*meːwan/ | *kəkərə /*kəkərə/ | *mʌzʌm /*mʌzʌm/ | — | — |
| 血 | *cisu(n) /*tʃisun/ | — | *sēksə /*seːksə/ | *ti /*ti/ | *pih /*pih/ | *s-hywəy /*s-hywəy/ | *ntshjamX /*ntshjamX/ |
| 肉 | *mika(n) /*mikan/ | — | *uldʒə /*uld͡ʒə/ | *sisi /*sisi/ | *salh /*salh/ | *sya /*sya/ | — |
| 上 | *degere /*deɡere/ | — | *ugi /*uɡi/ | *upəy /*upəi/ | *uh /*uh/ | — | — |
| 下 | *doxora /*doxora/ | — | *xərgi /*xərɡi/ | *sita /*sita/ | *arʌy /*aɾʌj/ | — | — |
| 中 | *dumda /*dumda/ | — | *dulin /*dulin/ | *naka /*naka/ | *kawɨn /*kawɨn/ | — | — |
| 中 | *dumda /*dumda/ | — | *dulin /*dulin/ | *atar- /*atar-/ | *mac- /*mat͡s-/ | — | — |
| 左 | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | — | *dʒəgün /*d͡ʒəɡyn/ | *pintari /*pintari/ | *oyn /*ojn/ | — | — |
| 右 | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | — | *aŋān /*aŋaːn/ | *minkiri /*minkiri/ | *parʌn /*paɾʌn/ | — | — |
| 東 | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | — | — | *pinkasi /*pinkasi/ | — | — | — |
| 西 | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | — | — | *nisi /*nisi/ | — | — | — |
| 南 | *emüne /*emyne/ | — | — | *minami /*minami/ | — | — | — |
| 北 | *hoyitu /*hojitu/ | — | — | *kita /*kita/ | — | — | — |
| 行 | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | — | *jabu- /*jabu-/ | *ik- /*ik-/ | *ka- /*ka-/ | — | — |
| 行 | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | — | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | *okonap- /*okonap-/ | *hʌ- /*hʌ-/ | — | — |
| 来 | *ire- /*ire-/ | — | *əmə- /*əmə-/ | *kə- /*kə-/ | *o- /*o-/ | — | — |
| 去 | *od- /*od-/ | — | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | — | *ka- /*ka-/ | — | — |
| 見 | *üje- /*ydʒe-/ | — | *ičə- /*it͡ʃə-/ | *mi- /*mi-/ | *po- /*po-/ | — | — |
| 聞 | *sonos- /*sonos-/ | — | *dōldi- /*doːldi-/ | *kik- /*kik-/ | *tɨr- /*tɨɾ-/ | — | — |
| 食 | *ide- /*ide-/ | — | *dʒəp- /*d͡ʒəp-/ | *kup- /*kup-/ | *mək- /*mək-/ | *dzya /*dzya/ | — |
| 飲 | *uxu- /*uxu-/ | — | *umī- /*umiː-/ | *nəm- /*nəm-/ | *mas- /*mas-/ | — | — |
| 走 | *güyü- /*ɡyjy-/ | — | *tuksa- /*tuksa-/ | *pasir- /*pasir-/ | *tʌt- /*tʌt-/ | — | — |
| 坐 | *saxu- /*saxu-/ | — | *təgə- /*təɡə-/ | — | *anc- /*ant͡s-/ | — | — |
| 立 | *bos- /*bos-/ | — | *ili- /*ili-/ | *tat- /*tat-/ | *se- /*se-/ | — | — |
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