ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ

Middle Mongol

Mongolic · historical / hidden variety

FamilyMongolic SpeakersExtinct (13th-15th c.) ScriptUyghur-Mongolian, Phags-pa CountriesMongol Empire Official inMongol Empire (administrative) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3xng

Middle Mongol was the language of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and his successors (13th–15th c.) — the language of the Yuan dynasty in China, the Ilkhanate in Persia, the Chagatai Khanate, and the Golden Horde. Attested in the Secret History of the Mongols (the foundational text of Mongolian literature, c. 1240), Phags-pa script inscriptions (the Yuan-era square script designed by Tibetan lama Phags-pa Lama, 1269), the Mukaddimat al-Adab Arabic-Mongolian glossary, and various translations of Buddhist and Christian texts. It is the ancestor of all modern Mongolic languages (Khalkha Mongolian, Buryat, Kalmyk, Mongolian dialects in China).

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Middle Mongol

Water

ᠤᠰᠤᠨ

/usun/

Fire

ᠭᠠᠯ

/ɣal/

Sun

ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ

/naran/

Moon

ᠰᠠᠷᠠ

/sara/

Mother

ᠡᠭᠡ

/eke/

Father

ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ

/etʃiɡe/

Eat

ᠢᠳᠡ

/ide/

Drink

ᠤᠭᠤ

/uɣu/

Love

ᠳᠤᠷᠠ

/dura/

Heart

ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡ

/dʒiryke/

Tree

ᠮᠣᠳᠤᠨ

/modun/

House

ᠭᠡᠷ

/ɡer/

Dog

ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ

/noqai/

Cat

ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ

/miɣui/

Hand

ᠭᠠᠷ

/ɣar/

Eye

ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ

/nidyn/

Hello

ᠠᠮᠤᠷ

/amur/

Thank you

ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠪᠠ

/bajarlaba/

One

ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ

/niɡen/

Good

ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ

/sain/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Mongolic languages

Meaning Middle MongolClassical MongolianMongghulBuryatKalmykMongolianInner Mongolian
Water ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ usu /usu/ уһан /uhan/ усн /usn/ ус /us/ ᠤᠰᠤ /usu/
Fire ᠭᠠᠯ /ɣal/ ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡal/ ghal /ʁal/ гал /ɡal/ гал /ɡal/ гал /ɡal/ ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡɑl/
Sun ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ nara /nara/ наран /naran/ нарн /narn/ нар /nar/ ᠨᠠᠷᠠ /nɑrɑ/
Moon ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ sara /sara/ һара /hara/ сар /sar/ сар /sar/ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sɑrɑ/
Mother ᠡᠭᠡ /eke/ ᠡᠬᠡ /eke/ ana /ana/ эхэ /exe/ ээҗ /eːdʒ/ ээж /eːdʒ/ ᠡᠬᠡ /eχe/
Father ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /et͡ʃiɡe/ ada /ada/ эсэгэ /eseɡe/ аав /aːv/ аав /aːw/ ᠠᠪᠤ /ɑβu/
Eat ᠢᠳᠡ /ide/ ᠢᠳᠡ- /ide-/ idi- /idi/ эдеэлхэ /edeːlxe/ иде /ide/ идэх /idex/ ᠢᠳᠡᠬᠦ /ideχʉ/
Drink ᠤᠭᠤ /uɣu/ ᠤᠭᠤ- /uɣu-/ uu- /uː/ ууха /uːxa/ уу /uː/ уух /uːx/ ᠤᠤᠬᠤ /uːχu/
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