ᠰᡞᠪᡝ ᡤᡞᠰᡠᠨ
Sibe
Tungusic > Southern Tungusic > Manchu-Sibe
Sibe (Xibe) is a Tungusic language spoken by roughly 25,000–30,000 people in Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County, Xinjiang, descended from the population of bannermen relocated from Manchuria in 1764. It is the direct living descendant of literary Manchu — the lexicon is largely inherited intact — but has diverged phonologically: Manchu *ki, *ke, *gi, *ge palatalize to /tɕ, dʑ/ after vowels (so muke 'water' → /mutɕə/, wargi 'west' → /wartɕi/), the vowel inventory expanded from six to eight (adding /y, œ/), and intervocalic fricatives voice ([s]→[z], [x]→[ɣ]/[ʁ]). The imperfective verbal suffix -mbi often reduces to -m in colloquial speech. Sibe is still written in the Manchu script with two added letters, and Qapqal supports a Sibe-medium primary education and a Sibe-language newspaper (Cabcal Serkin) — making it one of the very few Tungusic languages with active intergenerational transmission.
Where it is spoken
Han character readings in Sibe
| Character | Meaning | Reading | Form | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | ᠡᠮᡠemu | /əmu/ | |
| 二 | two | ᠵᡠᠸᡝjuwe | /dʑuwə/ | |
| 三 | three | ᡳᠯᠠᠨilan | /ilan/ | |
| 四 | four | ᡩᡠᡳᠨduin | /duin/ | |
| 五 | five | ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠsunja | /sundʑa/ | |
| 六 | six | ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᠨninggun | /niŋɢun/ | |
| 七 | seven | ᠨᠠᡩᠠᠨnadan | /nadan/ | |
| 八 | eight | ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨjakūn | /dʑakɯn/ | |
| 九 | nine | ᡠᠶᡠᠨuyun | /ujun/ | |
| 十 | ten | ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨjuwan | /dʑuwan/ | |
| 日 | sun | ᡧᡠᠨšun | /ɕun/ | |
| 月 | moon | ᠪᡳᠶᠠbiya | /bija/ | |
| 山 | mountain | ᠠᠯᡳᠨalin | /alin/ | |
| 水 | water | ᠮᡠᡴᡝmuke | /mutɕə/ | |
| 火 | fire | ᡨᡠᠸᠠtuwa | /tuwa/ | |
| 木 | tree | ᠮᠣᠣmoo | /mɔː/ | |
| 土 | soil | ᠪᠣᡳᡥᠣᠨboihon | /bɔiʁɔn/ | |
| 天 | sky | ᠠᠪᡴᠠabka | /apka/ | |
| 地 | ground | ᠨᠠna | /na/ | |
| 海 | sea | ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳmederi | /mədəri/ | |
| 龍 | dragon | ᠮᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳmuduri | /muduri/ | |
| 虎 | tiger | ᡨᠠᡧᠠtasha | /taɕa/ | |
| 犬 | dog | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨindahūn | /indaʁun/ | |
| 馬 | horse | ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨmorin | /mɔrin/ | |
| 鳥 | bird | ᡤᠠᡧᠠgasha | /ɢaɕa/ | |
| 魚 | fish | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠnimaha | /nimaʁa/ | |
| 牛 | ox | ᡳᡥᠠᠨihan | /iʁan/ | |
| 羊 | sheep | ᡥᠣᠨᡳᠨhonin | /χɔnin/ | |
| 貓 | cat | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝkesike | /kəsitɕə/ | |
| 人 | person | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠniyalma | /ɲalma/ | |
| 手 | hand | ᡤᠠᠯᠠgala | /ɢala/ | |
| 足 | foot | ᠪᡝᡨᡥᡝbethe | /bətxə/ | |
| 目 | eye | ᠶᠠᠰᠠyasa | /jaza/ | |
| 耳 | ear | ᡧᠠᠨšan | /ɕan/ | |
| 口 | mouth | ᠠᠩᡤᠠangga | /aŋɢa/ | |
| 頭 | head | ᡠᠵᡠuju | /udʑu/ | |
| 心 | heart | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨniyaman | /ɲaman/ | |
| 血 | blood | ᠰᡝᠩᡤᡳsenggi | /səŋɣi/ | |
| 肉 | meat | ᠶᠠᠯᡳyali | /jali/ | |
| 上 | up | ᡩᡝᠯᡝdele | /dələ/ | |
| 下 | down | ᡶᡝᠵᡳᠯᡝfejile | /fədʑilə/ | |
| 中 | middle | ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠdulimba | /dulimba/ | |
| 中 | hit | ᡤᠣᡳᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳgoibumbi | /ɢɔibum/ | |
| 央 | center | ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳdulimbai | /dulimbai/ | |
| 左 | left | ᡥᠠᡧᡡhashū | /χaɕu/ | |
| 右 | right | ᡳᠴᡳici | /itɕi/ | |
| 東 | east | ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳdergi | /dərɡi/ | |
| 西 | west | ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳwargi | /warɡi/ | |
| 南 | south | ᠵᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳjulergi | /dʑulərɡi/ | |
| 北 | north | ᠠᠮᠠᡵᡤᡳamargi | /amarɡi/ | |
| 行 | go | ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳyabumbi | /jawum/ | |
| 行 | row | ᡶᠠᡳᡩᠠᠨfaidan | /faidan/ | |
| 来 | come | ᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳjimbi | /dʑim/ | |
| 去 | leave | ᡤᡝᠨᡝᠮᠪᡳgenembi | /ɡənəm/ | |
| 見 | see | ᠰᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳsabumbi | /sabum/ | |
| 聞 | hear | ᡩᠣᠨᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳdonjimbi | /dɔndʑim/ | |
| 食 | eat | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡳjembi | /dʑəm/ | |
| 飲 | drink | ᠣᠮᡳᠮᠪᡳomimbi | /ɔmim/ | |
| 走 | run | ᠰᡠᠵᡠᠮᠪᡳsujumbi | /sudʑum/ | |
| 坐 | sit | ᡨᡝᠮᠪᡳtembi | /təm/ | |
| 立 | stand | ᡳᠯᡳᠮᠪᡳilimbi | /ilim/ |
Sources
- Wikipedia — Xibe language
- Jerry Norman, A Concise Manchu-English Lexicon (1978) — base lexicon inherited by Sibe
- An Jun & Zhao Zhizhong, 锡伯语口语研究 (Studies in Spoken Sibe), Ürümqi 2004 — phonology and *ki→tɕi shift
Words compared
Compared with related Tungusic (Manchu-Nanai, Manchu — sister/dialect of Manchu) languages
| Meaning | Sibe | Manchu | Jurchen | Nanai | Udege | Evenki | Even (Lamut) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ᠮᡠᡴᡝ /mukə/ | ᠮᡠᡴᡝ /mukə/ | muke /muke/ | муэ /mue/ | уй /uj/ | мӯ /muː/ | мӯ /muː/ |
| Fire | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tuwa/ | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | това /tova/ | тогбо /toɡbo/ | того /toɡo/ | тоог /toːɡ/ |
| Sun | ᠰᡠᠨ /sun/ | ᡧᡠᠨ /ʃun/ | šun /ʃun/ | сиун /siun/ | даигаси /daiɡasi/ | дылача /dɯlatɕa/ | нөлтэн /nølten/ |
| Moon | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /bija/ | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /bija/ | biya /bija/ | биа /bia/ | биа /bia/ | бега /beɡa/ | бяг /bjaɡ/ |
| Star | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ /usˈχa/ | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ /usiˈχa/ | usiha /usixa/ | хосякта /xoˈsʲakta/ | ваикта /ˈwaikta/ | осикта /oˈsikta/ | осикат /oˈsikat/ |
| Mother | ᡝᠨᡞᠶᡝ /ənije/ | ᡝᠨᡳᠶᡝ /ənijə/ | eme /eme/ | энин /enin/ | энэ /ene/ | эни /eni/ | эньэн /eɲen/ |
| Father | ᠠᠮᠠ /ama/ | ᠠᠮᠠ /ama/ | ama /ama/ | ама /ama/ | амэ /amə/ | амин /amin/ | аман /aman/ |
| I | ᠪᡳ /bi/ | ᠪᡳ /bi/ | bi /bi/ | ми /mi/ | би /bi/ | би /bi/ | би /bi/ |
| You | ᠰᡳ /ɕi/ | ᠰᡳ /si/ | si /ʃi/ | си /si/ | си /si/ | си /si/ | хи /hiː/ |
| Name | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ /ɡəˈvu/ | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ /ɡəbu/ | gebu /gəbu/ | гэрбу /gərˈbu/ | гэгбэ /gəgˈbə/ | гэрбӣ /gərˈbiː/ | гэрбэ /gərˈbə/ |
| Eye | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jasa/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jasa/ | yasa /jasa/ | насал /nasal/ | яа /jaː/ | эса /esa/ | яса /jasa/ |
| Hand | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡala/ | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡala/ | gala /ɡala/ | нгала /ŋala/ | нала /nala/ | нгалэ /ŋale/ | нгал /ŋal/ |
| Heart | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /nijaman/ | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /nijaman/ | niyaman /nijaman/ | миаван /miavan/ | миаван /miavan/ | меван /mevan/ | мяван /mjavan/ |
| Love | ᠴᡳᠯᡨᡠᠮᠪᡳ /tʃiltumbi/ | ᡥᠠᡳᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ /xairambi/ | gosi /ɡosi/ | эйини /ejini/ | чисанай /tʃisanaj/ | аявдави /ajavdavi/ | аякан /ajakan/ |
| Tree | ᠮᠣᠯᠣ /molo/ | ᠮᠣᠣ /moː/ | mo /mo/ | мо /mo/ | мо /mo/ | мо /mo/ | мо /mo/ |
| House | ᠪᠣᠣ /boː/ | ᠪᠣᠣ /boː/ | boo /boː/ | дё /dʒo/ | дзугди /dzuɡdi/ | дю /dʒu/ | дьу /dʒu/ |
| Dog | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /indaxun/ | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /indaxuːn/ | indahǔn /indahuːn/ | инда /inda/ | инай /inaj/ | нгинакин /ŋinakin/ | нгин /ŋin/ |
| Cat | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | kesike /kesike/ | коси /kosi/ | кошк /koʃk/ | кошка /koʂka/ | кошка /koʂka/ |
| Eat | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡞ /dʒəmbi/ | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡳ /dʒəmbi/ | jefu /dʒefu/ | депу /depu/ | джевэ /dʒevə/ | дептэ /depte/ | дьэб /dʒeb/ |
| Drink | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡞ /omibi/ | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡳ /omibi/ | omi /omi/ | омичи /omitʃi/ | омимэ /omimə/ | умӣ /umiː/ | ум /um/ |
| One | ᡝᠮᡠ /əmu/ | ᠡᠮᡠ /əmu/ | emu /emu/ | эмун /emun/ | омо /omo/ | умун /umun/ | омэн /omen/ |
| Two | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ /dʒuə/ | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ /dʒuwə/ | juwe /dʑuwə/ | дюэр /dʒuˈər/ | дюэ /dʒuˈə/ | дюр /dʒuːr/ | дёр /dʲoːr/ |
| Hello | ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡝ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /niŋɡe sain/ | ᠰᡳ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /si sain/ | — /—/ | банди-банди /bandi bandi/ | бандиба /bandiba/ | дорообо /doroːbo/ | дорова /dorova/ |
| Thank you | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | — /—/ | банихан /banihan/ | нюхча /ɲuxtʃa/ | пасиба /pasiba/ | пасиба /pasiba/ |
| Good | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sain/ | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sain/ | sain /sain/ | ая /aja/ | ая /aja/ | ая /aja/ | ай /aj/ |
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Han readings compared
Compared with related Tungusic > Southern Tungusic > Manchu-Sibe languages
| Character | Sibe | Jurchen | Manchu | Proto-Tungusic | Khitan | Proto-Mongolic | Japanese kun-yomi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | emu /əmu/ | emu /emu/ | emu /emu/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | om /əm/ | *nigen /*niɡen/ | hito /çito/ |
| 二 | juwe /dʑuwə/ | juwe /dʑuwe/ | juwe /dʒuwə/ | *dʒuər /*dʒuər/ | jur /dʒur/ | *qoyar /*qojar/ | futa /ɸɯta/ |
| 三 | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | gur /ɡur/ | *gurba(n) /*gurban/ | mi /mi/ |
| 四 | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | dur /dur/ | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ | yo /jo/ |
| 五 | sunja /sundʑa/ | sunja /sundʑa/ | sunja /sundʒa/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | tau /tau/ | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ | itsu /itsɯ/ |
| 六 | ninggun /niŋɢun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | nil /nil/ | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | mu /mɯ/ |
| 七 | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | dalu /dalu/ | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ | nana /nana/ |
| 八 | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | jakūn /dʒakʰuːn/ | *dʒapkun /*dʒapkun/ | naim /naim/ | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ | ya /ja/ |
| 九 | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | isen /isen/ | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ | kokono /kokono/ |
| 十 | juwan /dʑuwan/ | juwan /dʑuwan/ | juwan /dʒuwan/ | *dʒuwan /*dʒuwan/ | par /par/ | *harba(n) /*harban/ | tō /toː/ |
| 日 | šun /ɕun/ | šun /ʃun/ | šun /ʃun/ | *siun /*siun/ | nair /nair/ | *naran /*naran/ | hi /çi/ |
| 月 | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | sair /sair/ | *sara(n) /*saran/ | tsuki /tsɯki/ |
| 山 | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | *xada /*xada/ | ula /ʊla/ | *agula /*aɣula/ | yama /jama/ |
| 水 | muke /mutɕə/ | muke /muke/ | muke /mukə/ | *mū /*muː/ | us /ʊs/ | *usu(n) /*usun/ | mizu /midzɯ/ |
| 火 | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | gal /ɡal/ | *gal /*ɡal/ | hi /çi/ |
| 木 | moo /mɔː/ | moo /moː/ | moo /moː/ | *mō /*moː/ | — | *modu(n) /*modun/ | ki /ki/ |
| 土 | boihon /bɔiʁɔn/ | boihon /boixon/ | boihon /bojxon/ | *na /*na/ | — | *sirui /*siruj/ | tsuchi /tsɯtɕi/ |
| 天 | abka /apka/ | abka /abka/ | abka /abka/ | *abka /*abka/ | teŋri /tʰeŋri/ | *teŋri /*teŋri/ | ame /ame/ |
| 地 | na /na/ | na /na/ | na /na/ | *na /*na/ | — | *gajar /*ɡadʒar/ | — |
| 海 | mederi /mədəri/ | mederi /mederi/ | mederi /medəri/ | *lāmu /*laːmu/ | — | *dalai /*dalaj/ | umi /ɯmi/ |
| 龍 | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | — | — | — | tatsu /tatsɯ/ |
| 虎 | tasha /taɕa/ | tasha /taʃa/ | tasha /taʃa/ | — | — | — | tora /toɾa/ |
| 犬 | indahūn /indaʁun/ | indahūn /indaxɯn/ | indahūn /indaxuːn/ | *ŋinda /*ŋinda/ | — | *noxai /*noxaj/ | inu /inɯ/ |
| 馬 | morin /mɔrin/ | morin /morin/ | morin /morin/ | *murin /*murin/ | morin /morin/ | *mori(n) /*morin/ | uma /ɯma/ |
| 鳥 | gasha /ɢaɕa/ | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | *gasa /*ɡasa/ | — | *sibawun /*sibaʊn/ | tori /toɾi/ |
| 魚 | nimaha /nimaʁa/ | nimaha /nimaxa/ | nimaha /nimaxa/ | *nimaka /*nimaka/ | — | *jigasu(n) /*dʒiɣasun/ | sakana /sakana/ |
| 牛 | ihan /iʁan/ | ihan /ixan/ | ihan /ixan/ | *xuker /*xuker/ | — | *hüker /*hyker/ | ushi /ɯɕi/ |
| 羊 | honin /χɔnin/ | honin /xonin/ | honin /xonin/ | — | — | *honi(n) /*honin/ | hitsuji /çitsɯdʑi/ |
| 貓 | kesike /kəsitɕə/ | — | kesike /kəsikə/ | — | — | — | neko /neko/ |
| 人 | niyalma /ɲalma/ | niyalma /njalma/ | niyalma /njalma/ | *niama /*niama/ | küü /kʰuː/ | *kümün /*kymyn/ | hito /çito/ |
| 手 | gala /ɢala/ | gala /ɡala/ | gala /ɡala/ | *ŋāla /*ŋaːla/ | — | *gar /*ɡar/ | te /te/ |
| 足 | bethe /bətxə/ | bethe /betxe/ | bethe /bətxə/ | *bəgdi /*bəɡdi/ | — | *köl /*kœl/ | ashi /aɕi/ |
| 目 | yasa /jaza/ | yasa /jasa/ | yasa /jasa/ | *jāsa /*jaːsa/ | — | *nidün /*nidyn/ | me /me/ |
| 耳 | šan /ɕan/ | šan /ʃan/ | šan /ʃan/ | *sēn /*seːn/ | — | *cikin /*tʃikin/ | mimi /mimi/ |
| 口 | angga /aŋɢa/ | angga /aŋɡa/ | angga /aŋɡa/ | *amŋa /*amŋa/ | — | *aman /*aman/ | kuchi /kɯtɕi/ |
| 頭 | uju /udʑu/ | uju /udʑu/ | uju /udʒu/ | *dil /*dil/ | — | *terixün /*terixyn/ | atama /atama/ |
| 心 | niyaman /ɲaman/ | niyaman /niaman/ | niyaman /njaman/ | *mēwan /*meːwan/ | — | *jirüken /*dʒiryken/ | kokoro /kokoɾo/ |
| 血 | senggi /səŋɣi/ | senggi /səŋɡi/ | senggi /səŋɡi/ | *sēksə /*seːksə/ | — | *cisu(n) /*tʃisun/ | chi /tɕi/ |
| 肉 | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | *uldʒə /*uldʒə/ | — | *mika(n) /*mikan/ | — |
| 上 | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | *ugi /*uɡi/ | — | *degere /*deɡere/ | ue /ɯe/ |
| 下 | fejile /fədʑilə/ | fejile /fəjilə/ | fejile /fədʒilə/ | *xərgi /*xərɡi/ | — | *doxora /*doxora/ | shita /ɕita/ |
| 中 | dulimba /dulimba/ | dulin /dulin/ | dulimba /dulimba/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | *dumda /*dumda/ | naka /naka/ |
| 中 | goibumbi /ɢɔibum/ | — | goibumbi /ɡoibumbi/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | *dumda /*dumda/ | ataru /ataɾɯ/ |
| 央 | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | — | — |
| 左 | hashū /χaɕu/ | hashū /haʃɯ/ | hashū /xaʃuː/ | *dʒəgün /*dʒəɡyn/ | — | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | hidari /çidaɾi/ |
| 右 | ici /itɕi/ | ici /itɕi/ | ici /itʃi/ | *aŋān /*aŋaːn/ | — | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | migi /migi/ |
| 東 | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | — | — | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | higashi /çigaɕi/ |
| 西 | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | — | — | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | nishi /niɕi/ |
| 南 | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | julergi /dʒulərɡi/ | — | — | *emüne /*emyne/ | minami /minami/ |
| 北 | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | — | — | *hoyitu /*hojitu/ | kita /kita/ |
| 行 | yabumbi /jawum/ | yabu- /jabu-/ | yabumbi /jabumbi/ | *jabu- /*jabu-/ | — | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | iku /ikɯ/ |
| 行 | faidan /faidan/ | — | faidan /faidan/ | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | — | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | — |
| 来 | jimbi /dʑim/ | ji- /dʑi-/ | jimbi /dʒimbi/ | *əmə- /*əmə-/ | — | *ire- /*ire-/ | kuru /kɯɾɯ/ |
| 去 | genembi /ɡənəm/ | gene- /ɡənə-/ | genembi /ɡənəmbi/ | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | — | *od- /*od-/ | saru /saɾɯ/ |
| 見 | sabumbi /sabum/ | sabu- /sabu-/ | sabumbi /sabumbi/ | *ičə- /*itʃə-/ | — | *üje- /*ydʒe-/ | miru /miɾɯ/ |
| 聞 | donjimbi /dɔndʑim/ | donji- /dondʑi-/ | donjimbi /dondʒimbi/ | *dōldi- /*doːldi-/ | — | *sonos- /*sonos-/ | kiku /kikɯ/ |
| 食 | jembi /dʑəm/ | je- /dʑe-/ | jembi /dʒəmbi/ | *dʒəp- /*dʒəp-/ | — | *ide- /*ide-/ | kuu /kɯɯ/ |
| 飲 | omimbi /ɔmim/ | omi- /omi-/ | omimbi /omimbi/ | *umī- /*umiː-/ | — | *uxu- /*uxu-/ | nomu /nomɯ/ |
| 走 | sujumbi /sudʑum/ | suju- /sudʑu-/ | sujumbi /sudʒumbi/ | *tuksa- /*tuksa-/ | — | *güyü- /*ɡyjy-/ | hashiru /haɕiɾɯ/ |
| 坐 | tembi /təm/ | te- /te-/ | tembi /təmbi/ | *təgə- /*təɡə-/ | — | *saxu- /*saxu-/ | suwaru /sɯwaɾɯ/ |
| 立 | ilimbi /ilim/ | ili- /ili-/ | ilimbi /ilimbi/ | *ili- /*ili-/ | — | *bos- /*bos-/ | tatsu /tatsɯ/ |
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