ᠰᡞᠪᡝ ᡤᡞᠰᡠᠨ
Sibe
Tungusic (Manchu-Nanai, Manchu — sister/dialect of Manchu)
Xibe (also Sibe, ᠰᡞᠪᡝ Sibe) is a Tungusic language of the Manchu-Nanai branch, closely related to Manchu (mnc) — debate continues whether they are separate languages or dialects of a single Manchu-Xibe complex. The Xibe people are a Manchu people who were resettled to the Yili Valley in Xinjiang in 1764 by the Qing dynasty as a military garrison, and remained there after the dynasty's fall. Today Xibe is the only living Manchu-related language with active literacy and education programs (in the Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County), in contrast to Manchu proper which has very few elderly L1 speakers in Northeast China. Xibe preserves the historic Manchu script vertically and has been an important resource for revitalizing Manchu studies.
Where it is spoken
31 core words in Sibe
Water
ᠮᡠᡴᡝ
/mukə/
Fire
ᡨᡠᠸᠠ
/tuwa/
Sun
ᠰᡠᠨ
/sun/
Moon
ᠪᡳᠶᠠ
/bija/
Star
ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ
/usˈχa/
Mother
ᡝᠨᡞᠶᡝ
/ənije/
Father
ᠠᠮᠠ
/ama/
I
ᠪᡳ
/bi/
You
ᠰᡳ
/ɕi/
Name
ᡤᡝᠪᡠ
/ɡəˈvu/
Eye
ᠶᠠᠰᠠ
/jasa/
Hand
ᡤᠠᠯᠠ
/ɡala/
Heart
ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ
/nijaman/
Love
ᠴᡳᠯᡨᡠᠮᠪᡳ
/tʃiltumbi/
Tree
ᠮᠣᠯᠣ
/molo/
House
ᠪᠣᠣ
/boː/
Dog
ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ
/indaxun/
Cat
ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ
/kəsikə/
Eat
ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡞ
/dʒəmbi/
Drink
ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡞ
/omibi/
One
ᡝᠮᡠ
/əmu/
Two
ᠵᡠᠸᡝ
/dʒuə/
Hello
ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡝ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ
/niŋɡe sain/
Thank you
ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ
/banixa/
Good
ᠰᠠᡳᠨ
/sain/
Sources
Words compared
Compared with related Tungusic (Manchu-Nanai, Manchu — sister/dialect of Manchu) languages
| Meaning | Sibe | Manchu | Jurchen | Nanai | Udege | Evenki | Even (Lamut) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ᠮᡠᡴᡝ /mukə/ | ᠮᡠᡴᡝ /mukə/ | muke /muke/ | муэ /mue/ | уй /uj/ | мӯ /muː/ | мӯ /muː/ |
| Fire | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tuwa/ | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | това /tova/ | тогбо /toɡbo/ | того /toɡo/ | тоог /toːɡ/ |
| Sun | ᠰᡠᠨ /sun/ | ᡧᡠᠨ /ʃun/ | šun /ʃun/ | сиун /siun/ | даигаси /daiɡasi/ | дылача /dɯlatɕa/ | нөлтэн /nølten/ |
| Moon | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /bija/ | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /bija/ | biya /bija/ | биа /bia/ | биа /bia/ | бега /beɡa/ | бяг /bjaɡ/ |
| Star | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ /usˈχa/ | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ /usiˈχa/ | usiha /usixa/ | хосякта /xoˈsʲakta/ | ваикта /ˈwaikta/ | осикта /oˈsikta/ | осикат /oˈsikat/ |
| Mother | ᡝᠨᡞᠶᡝ /ənije/ | ᡝᠨᡳᠶᡝ /ənijə/ | eme /eme/ | энин /enin/ | энэ /ene/ | эни /eni/ | эньэн /eɲen/ |
| Father | ᠠᠮᠠ /ama/ | ᠠᠮᠠ /ama/ | ama /ama/ | ама /ama/ | амэ /amə/ | амин /amin/ | аман /aman/ |
| I | ᠪᡳ /bi/ | ᠪᡳ /bi/ | bi /bi/ | ми /mi/ | би /bi/ | би /bi/ | би /bi/ |
| You | ᠰᡳ /ɕi/ | ᠰᡳ /si/ | si /ʃi/ | си /si/ | си /si/ | си /si/ | хи /hiː/ |
| Name | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ /ɡəˈvu/ | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ /ɡəbu/ | gebu /gəbu/ | гэрбу /gərˈbu/ | гэгбэ /gəgˈbə/ | гэрбӣ /gərˈbiː/ | гэрбэ /gərˈbə/ |
| Eye | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jasa/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jasa/ | yasa /jasa/ | насал /nasal/ | яа /jaː/ | эса /esa/ | яса /jasa/ |
| Hand | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡala/ | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡala/ | gala /ɡala/ | нгала /ŋala/ | нала /nala/ | нгалэ /ŋale/ | нгал /ŋal/ |
| Heart | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /nijaman/ | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /nijaman/ | niyaman /nijaman/ | миаван /miavan/ | миаван /miavan/ | меван /mevan/ | мяван /mjavan/ |
| Love | ᠴᡳᠯᡨᡠᠮᠪᡳ /tʃiltumbi/ | ᡥᠠᡳᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ /xairambi/ | gosi /ɡosi/ | эйини /ejini/ | чисанай /tʃisanaj/ | аявдави /ajavdavi/ | аякан /ajakan/ |
| Tree | ᠮᠣᠯᠣ /molo/ | ᠮᠣᠣ /moː/ | mo /mo/ | мо /mo/ | мо /mo/ | мо /mo/ | мо /mo/ |
| House | ᠪᠣᠣ /boː/ | ᠪᠣᠣ /boː/ | boo /boː/ | дё /dʒo/ | дзугди /dzuɡdi/ | дю /dʒu/ | дьу /dʒu/ |
| Dog | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /indaxun/ | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /indaxuːn/ | indahǔn /indahuːn/ | инда /inda/ | инай /inaj/ | нгинакин /ŋinakin/ | нгин /ŋin/ |
| Cat | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | kesike /kesike/ | коси /kosi/ | кошк /koʃk/ | кошка /koʂka/ | кошка /koʂka/ |
| Eat | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡞ /dʒəmbi/ | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡳ /dʒəmbi/ | jefu /dʒefu/ | депу /depu/ | джевэ /dʒevə/ | дептэ /depte/ | дьэб /dʒeb/ |
| Drink | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡞ /omibi/ | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡳ /omibi/ | omi /omi/ | омичи /omitʃi/ | омимэ /omimə/ | умӣ /umiː/ | ум /um/ |
| One | ᡝᠮᡠ /əmu/ | ᠡᠮᡠ /əmu/ | emu /emu/ | эмун /emun/ | омо /omo/ | умун /umun/ | омэн /omen/ |
| Two | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ /dʒuə/ | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ /dʒuwə/ | juwe /dʑuwə/ | дюэр /dʒuˈər/ | дюэ /dʒuˈə/ | дюр /dʒuːr/ | дёр /dʲoːr/ |
| Hello | ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡝ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /niŋɡe sain/ | ᠰᡳ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /si sain/ | — /—/ | банди-банди /bandi bandi/ | бандиба /bandiba/ | дорообо /doroːbo/ | дорова /dorova/ |
| Thank you | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | — /—/ | банихан /banihan/ | нюхча /ɲuxtʃa/ | пасиба /pasiba/ | пасиба /pasiba/ |
| Good | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sain/ | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sain/ | sain /sain/ | ая /aja/ | ая /aja/ | ая /aja/ | ай /aj/ |
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Han readings compared
Compared with related Tungusic > Southern Tungusic > Manchu-Sibe languages
| Character | Sibe | Jurchen | Manchu | Proto-Tungusic | Khitan | Proto-Mongolic | Japanese kun-yomi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | emu /əmu/ | emu /emu/ | emu /emu/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | om /əm/ | *nigen /*niɡen/ | hito /çito/ |
| 二 | juwe /dʑuwə/ | juwe /dʑuwe/ | juwe /dʒuwə/ | *dʒuər /*dʒuər/ | jur /dʒur/ | *qoyar /*qojar/ | futa /ɸɯta/ |
| 三 | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | gur /ɡur/ | *gurba(n) /*gurban/ | mi /mi/ |
| 四 | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | dur /dur/ | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ | yo /jo/ |
| 五 | sunja /sundʑa/ | sunja /sundʑa/ | sunja /sundʒa/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | tau /tau/ | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ | itsu /itsɯ/ |
| 六 | ninggun /niŋɢun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | nil /nil/ | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | mu /mɯ/ |
| 七 | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | dalu /dalu/ | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ | nana /nana/ |
| 八 | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | jakūn /dʒakʰuːn/ | *dʒapkun /*dʒapkun/ | naim /naim/ | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ | ya /ja/ |
| 九 | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | isen /isen/ | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ | kokono /kokono/ |
| 十 | juwan /dʑuwan/ | juwan /dʑuwan/ | juwan /dʒuwan/ | *dʒuwan /*dʒuwan/ | par /par/ | *harba(n) /*harban/ | tō /toː/ |
| 日 | šun /ɕun/ | šun /ʃun/ | šun /ʃun/ | *siun /*siun/ | nair /nair/ | *naran /*naran/ | hi /çi/ |
| 月 | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | sair /sair/ | *sara(n) /*saran/ | tsuki /tsɯki/ |
| 山 | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | *xada /*xada/ | ula /ʊla/ | *agula /*aɣula/ | yama /jama/ |
| 水 | muke /mutɕə/ | muke /muke/ | muke /mukə/ | *mū /*muː/ | us /ʊs/ | *usu(n) /*usun/ | mizu /midzɯ/ |
| 火 | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | gal /ɡal/ | *gal /*ɡal/ | hi /çi/ |
| 木 | moo /mɔː/ | moo /moː/ | moo /moː/ | *mō /*moː/ | — | *modu(n) /*modun/ | ki /ki/ |
| 土 | boihon /bɔiʁɔn/ | boihon /boixon/ | boihon /bojxon/ | *na /*na/ | — | *sirui /*siruj/ | tsuchi /tsɯtɕi/ |
| 天 | abka /apka/ | abka /abka/ | abka /abka/ | *abka /*abka/ | teŋri /tʰeŋri/ | *teŋri /*teŋri/ | ame /ame/ |
| 地 | na /na/ | na /na/ | na /na/ | *na /*na/ | — | *gajar /*ɡadʒar/ | — |
| 海 | mederi /mədəri/ | mederi /mederi/ | mederi /medəri/ | *lāmu /*laːmu/ | — | *dalai /*dalaj/ | umi /ɯmi/ |
| 龍 | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | — | — | — | tatsu /tatsɯ/ |
| 虎 | tasha /taɕa/ | tasha /taʃa/ | tasha /taʃa/ | — | — | — | tora /toɾa/ |
| 犬 | indahūn /indaʁun/ | indahūn /indaxɯn/ | indahūn /indaxuːn/ | *ŋinda /*ŋinda/ | — | *noxai /*noxaj/ | inu /inɯ/ |
| 馬 | morin /mɔrin/ | morin /morin/ | morin /morin/ | *murin /*murin/ | morin /morin/ | *mori(n) /*morin/ | uma /ɯma/ |
| 鳥 | gasha /ɢaɕa/ | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | *gasa /*ɡasa/ | — | *sibawun /*sibaʊn/ | tori /toɾi/ |
| 魚 | nimaha /nimaʁa/ | nimaha /nimaxa/ | nimaha /nimaxa/ | *nimaka /*nimaka/ | — | *jigasu(n) /*dʒiɣasun/ | sakana /sakana/ |
| 牛 | ihan /iʁan/ | ihan /ixan/ | ihan /ixan/ | *xuker /*xuker/ | — | *hüker /*hyker/ | ushi /ɯɕi/ |
| 羊 | honin /χɔnin/ | honin /xonin/ | honin /xonin/ | — | — | *honi(n) /*honin/ | hitsuji /çitsɯdʑi/ |
| 貓 | kesike /kəsitɕə/ | — | kesike /kəsikə/ | — | — | — | neko /neko/ |
| 人 | niyalma /ɲalma/ | niyalma /njalma/ | niyalma /njalma/ | *niama /*niama/ | küü /kʰuː/ | *kümün /*kymyn/ | hito /çito/ |
| 手 | gala /ɢala/ | gala /ɡala/ | gala /ɡala/ | *ŋāla /*ŋaːla/ | — | *gar /*ɡar/ | te /te/ |
| 足 | bethe /bətxə/ | bethe /betxe/ | bethe /bətxə/ | *bəgdi /*bəɡdi/ | — | *köl /*kœl/ | ashi /aɕi/ |
| 目 | yasa /jaza/ | yasa /jasa/ | yasa /jasa/ | *jāsa /*jaːsa/ | — | *nidün /*nidyn/ | me /me/ |
| 耳 | šan /ɕan/ | šan /ʃan/ | šan /ʃan/ | *sēn /*seːn/ | — | *cikin /*tʃikin/ | mimi /mimi/ |
| 口 | angga /aŋɢa/ | angga /aŋɡa/ | angga /aŋɡa/ | *amŋa /*amŋa/ | — | *aman /*aman/ | kuchi /kɯtɕi/ |
| 頭 | uju /udʑu/ | uju /udʑu/ | uju /udʒu/ | *dil /*dil/ | — | *terixün /*terixyn/ | atama /atama/ |
| 心 | niyaman /ɲaman/ | niyaman /niaman/ | niyaman /njaman/ | *mēwan /*meːwan/ | — | *jirüken /*dʒiryken/ | kokoro /kokoɾo/ |
| 血 | senggi /səŋɣi/ | senggi /səŋɡi/ | senggi /səŋɡi/ | *sēksə /*seːksə/ | — | *cisu(n) /*tʃisun/ | chi /tɕi/ |
| 肉 | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | *uldʒə /*uldʒə/ | — | *mika(n) /*mikan/ | — |
| 上 | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | *ugi /*uɡi/ | — | *degere /*deɡere/ | ue /ɯe/ |
| 下 | fejile /fədʑilə/ | fejile /fəjilə/ | fejile /fədʒilə/ | *xərgi /*xərɡi/ | — | *doxora /*doxora/ | shita /ɕita/ |
| 中 | dulimba /dulimba/ | dulin /dulin/ | dulimba /dulimba/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | *dumda /*dumda/ | naka /naka/ |
| 中 | goibumbi /ɢɔibum/ | — | goibumbi /ɡoibumbi/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | *dumda /*dumda/ | ataru /ataɾɯ/ |
| 央 | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | — | — |
| 左 | hashū /χaɕu/ | hashū /haʃɯ/ | hashū /xaʃuː/ | *dʒəgün /*dʒəɡyn/ | — | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | hidari /çidaɾi/ |
| 右 | ici /itɕi/ | ici /itɕi/ | ici /itʃi/ | *aŋān /*aŋaːn/ | — | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | migi /migi/ |
| 東 | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | — | — | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | higashi /çigaɕi/ |
| 西 | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | — | — | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | nishi /niɕi/ |
| 南 | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | julergi /dʒulərɡi/ | — | — | *emüne /*emyne/ | minami /minami/ |
| 北 | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | — | — | *hoyitu /*hojitu/ | kita /kita/ |
| 行 | yabumbi /jawum/ | yabu- /jabu-/ | yabumbi /jabumbi/ | *jabu- /*jabu-/ | — | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | iku /ikɯ/ |
| 行 | faidan /faidan/ | — | faidan /faidan/ | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | — | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | — |
| 来 | jimbi /dʑim/ | ji- /dʑi-/ | jimbi /dʒimbi/ | *əmə- /*əmə-/ | — | *ire- /*ire-/ | kuru /kɯɾɯ/ |
| 去 | genembi /ɡənəm/ | gene- /ɡənə-/ | genembi /ɡənəmbi/ | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | — | *od- /*od-/ | saru /saɾɯ/ |
| 見 | sabumbi /sabum/ | sabu- /sabu-/ | sabumbi /sabumbi/ | *ičə- /*itʃə-/ | — | *üje- /*ydʒe-/ | miru /miɾɯ/ |
| 聞 | donjimbi /dɔndʑim/ | donji- /dondʑi-/ | donjimbi /dondʒimbi/ | *dōldi- /*doːldi-/ | — | *sonos- /*sonos-/ | kiku /kikɯ/ |
| 食 | jembi /dʑəm/ | je- /dʑe-/ | jembi /dʒəmbi/ | *dʒəp- /*dʒəp-/ | — | *ide- /*ide-/ | kuu /kɯɯ/ |
| 飲 | omimbi /ɔmim/ | omi- /omi-/ | omimbi /omimbi/ | *umī- /*umiː-/ | — | *uxu- /*uxu-/ | nomu /nomɯ/ |
| 走 | sujumbi /sudʑum/ | suju- /sudʑu-/ | sujumbi /sudʒumbi/ | *tuksa- /*tuksa-/ | — | *güyü- /*ɡyjy-/ | hashiru /haɕiɾɯ/ |
| 坐 | tembi /təm/ | te- /te-/ | tembi /təmbi/ | *təgə- /*təɡə-/ | — | *saxu- /*saxu-/ | suwaru /sɯwaɾɯ/ |
| 立 | ilimbi /ilim/ | ili- /ili-/ | ilimbi /ilimbi/ | *ili- /*ili-/ | — | *bos- /*bos-/ | tatsu /tatsɯ/ |
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