ᠰᡞᠪᡝ ᡤᡞᠰᡠᠨ
Sibe
Tungusic (Manchu-Nanai, Manchu — sister/dialect of Manchu)
Xibe (also Sibe, ᠰᡞᠪᡝ Sibe) is a Tungusic language of the Manchu-Nanai branch, closely related to Manchu (mnc) — debate continues whether they are separate languages or dialects of a single Manchu-Xibe complex. The Xibe people are a Manchu people who were resettled to the Yili Valley in Xinjiang in 1764 by the Qing dynasty as a military garrison, and remained there after the dynasty's fall. Today Xibe is the only living Manchu-related language with active literacy and education programs (in the Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County), in contrast to Manchu proper which has very few elderly L1 speakers in Northeast China. Xibe preserves the historic Manchu script vertically and has been an important resource for revitalizing Manchu studies.
Where it is spoken
20 core words in Sibe
Water
ᠮᡠᡴᡝ
/mukə/
Fire
ᡨᡠᠸᠠ
/tuwa/
Sun
ᠰᡠᠨ
/sun/
Moon
ᠪᡳᠶᠠ
/bija/
Mother
ᡝᠨᡞᠶᡝ
/ənije/
Father
ᠠᠮᠠ
/ama/
Eat
ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡞ
/d͡ʒəmbi/
Drink
ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡞ
/omibi/
Love
ᠴᡳᠯᡨᡠᠮᠪᡳ
/t͡ʃiltumbi/
Heart
ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ
/nijaman/
Tree
ᠮᠣᠯᠣ
/molo/
House
ᠪᠣᠣ
/boː/
Dog
ᠨᡳᠨᠳᠠᡥᡡᠨ
/nindaxun/
Cat
ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ
/kəsikə/
Hand
ᡤᠠᠯᠠ
/ɡala/
Eye
ᠶᠠᠰᠠ
/jasa/
Hello
ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡝ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ
/niŋɡe sain/
Thank you
ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ
/banixa/
One
ᡝᠮᡠ
/əmu/
Good
ᠰᠠᡳᠨ
/sain/
Sources
Words compared
Compared with related Tungusic (Manchu-Nanai, Manchu — sister/dialect of Manchu) languages
| Meaning | Sibe | Manchu | Jurchen | Nanai | Udege | Even (Lamut) | Evenki |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ᠮᡠᡴᡝ /mukə/ | ᠮᡠᡴᡝ /mukə/ | muke /muke/ | муэ /mue/ | уй /uj/ | му /mu/ | му /mu/ |
| Fire | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tuwa/ | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | това /tova/ | тогбо /toɡbo/ | тоог /toːɡ/ | того /toɡo/ |
| Sun | ᠰᡠᠨ /sun/ | ᡧᡠᠨ /ʃun/ | šun /ʃun/ | сиун /siun/ | даигаси /daiɡasi/ | нөлтэн /nølten/ | дылача /dɯlatɕa/ |
| Moon | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /bija/ | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /bija/ | biya /bija/ | биа /bia/ | биа /bia/ | бяг /bjaɡ/ | бега /beɡa/ |
| Mother | ᡝᠨᡞᠶᡝ /ənije/ | ᡝᠨᡳᠶᡝ /ənijə/ | eme /eme/ | энин /enin/ | энэ /ene/ | эньэн /eɲen/ | эни /eni/ |
| Father | ᠠᠮᠠ /ama/ | ᠠᠮᠠ /ama/ | ama /ama/ | ама /ama/ | амэ /amə/ | ама /ama/ | ама /ama/ |
| Eat | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡞ /d͡ʒəmbi/ | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡳ /dʒəmbi/ | jefu /dʒefu/ | депу /depu/ | джевэ /d͡ʒevə/ | дьэб /dʒeb/ | дептэ /depte/ |
| Drink | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡞ /omibi/ | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡳ /omibi/ | omi /omi/ | омичи /omitʃi/ | омимэ /omimə/ | ум /um/ | умӣ /umiː/ |
| Love | ᠴᡳᠯᡨᡠᠮᠪᡳ /t͡ʃiltumbi/ | ᡥᠠᡳᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ /xairambi/ | gosi /ɡosi/ | эйини /ejini/ | чисанай /t͡ʃisanaj/ | аякан /ajakan/ | аявдави /ajavdavi/ |
| Heart | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /nijaman/ | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /nijaman/ | niyaman /nijaman/ | миаван /miavan/ | миаван /miavan/ | мяван /mjavan/ | меван /mevan/ |
| Tree | ᠮᠣᠯᠣ /molo/ | ᠮᠣᠣ /moː/ | mo /mo/ | мо /mo/ | мо /mo/ | мо /mo/ | мо /mo/ |
| House | ᠪᠣᠣ /boː/ | ᠪᠣᠣ /boː/ | boo /boː/ | дё /dʒo/ | дзугди /d͡zuɡdi/ | дьу /dʒu/ | дю /dʒu/ |
| Dog | ᠨᡳᠨᠳᠠᡥᡡᠨ /nindaxun/ | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /indaxuːn/ | indahǔn /indahuːn/ | инда /inda/ | инай /inaj/ | нгин /ŋin/ | нгинакин /ŋinakin/ |
| Cat | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | kesike /kesike/ | коси /kosi/ | кошк /koʃk/ | кошка /koʂka/ | кошка /koʂka/ |
| Hand | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡala/ | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡala/ | gala /ɡala/ | нгала /ŋala/ | нала /nala/ | нгал /ŋal/ | нгалэ /ŋale/ |
| Eye | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jasa/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jasa/ | yasa /jasa/ | насал /nasal/ | писа /pisa/ | яса /jasa/ | эса /esa/ |
| Hello | ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡝ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /niŋɡe sain/ | ᠰᡳ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /si sain/ | — /—/ | банди-банди /bandi bandi/ | бандиба /bandiba/ | дорова /dorova/ | дорообо /doroːbo/ |
| Thank you | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | — /—/ | банихан /banihan/ | нюхча /ɲuxt͡ʃa/ | пасиба /pasiba/ | пасиба /pasiba/ |
| One | ᡝᠮᡠ /əmu/ | ᠡᠮᡠ /əmu/ | emu /emu/ | эмун /emun/ | омо /omo/ | омэн /omen/ | умун /umun/ |
| Good | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sain/ | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sain/ | sain /sain/ | ая /aja/ | ая /aja/ | ай /aj/ | ая /aja/ |
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Han readings compared
Compared with related Tungusic > Southern Tungusic > Manchu-Sibe languages
| Character | Sibe | Manchu | Jurchen | Proto-Tungusic | Khitan | Proto-Mongolic | Japanese kun-yomi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | emu /əmu/ | emu /emu/ | emu /emu/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | om /əm/ | *nigen /*niɡen/ | hito /çito/ |
| 二 | juwe /d͡ʑuwə/ | juwe /d͡ʒuwə/ | juwe /dʑuwe/ | *dʒuər /*d͡ʒuər/ | jur /dʒur/ | *qoyar /*qojar/ | futa /ɸɯta/ |
| 三 | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | gur /ɡur/ | *gurba(n) /*gurban/ | mi /mi/ |
| 四 | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | dur /dur/ | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ | yo /jo/ |
| 五 | sunja /sund͡ʑa/ | sunja /sund͡ʒa/ | sunja /sundʑa/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | tau /tau/ | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ | itsu /it͡sɯ/ |
| 六 | ninggun /niŋɢun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | nil /nil/ | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | mu /mɯ/ |
| 七 | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | dalu /dalu/ | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ | nana /nana/ |
| 八 | jakūn /d͡ʑaqun/ | jakūn /d͡ʒakʰuːn/ | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | *dʒapkun /*d͡ʒapkun/ | naim /naim/ | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ | ya /ja/ |
| 九 | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | isen /isen/ | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ | kokono /kokono/ |
| 十 | juwan /d͡ʑuwan/ | juwan /d͡ʒuwan/ | juwan /dʑuwan/ | *dʒuwan /*d͡ʒuwan/ | par /par/ | *harba(n) /*harban/ | tō /toː/ |
| 日 | šun /ɕun/ | šun /ʃun/ | šun /ʃun/ | *siun /*siun/ | nair /nair/ | *naran /*naran/ | hi /çi/ |
| 月 | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | sair /sair/ | *sara(n) /*saran/ | tsuki /t͡sɯki/ |
| 山 | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | *xada /*xada/ | ula /ʊla/ | *agula /*aɣula/ | yama /jama/ |
| 水 | muke /mutɕə/ | muke /mukə/ | muke /muke/ | *mū /*muː/ | us /ʊs/ | *usu(n) /*usun/ | mizu /midzɯ/ |
| 火 | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | gal /ɡal/ | *gal /*ɡal/ | hi /çi/ |
| 木 | moo /mɔː/ | moo /moː/ | moo /moː/ | *mō /*moː/ | — | *modu(n) /*modun/ | ki /ki/ |
| 土 | boihon /bɔiʁɔn/ | boihon /bojxon/ | boihon /boixon/ | *na /*na/ | — | *sirui /*siruj/ | tsuchi /t͡sɯt͡ɕi/ |
| 天 | abka /apqa/ | abka /abka/ | abka /abka/ | *abka /*abka/ | teŋri /tʰeŋri/ | *teŋri /*teŋri/ | ame /ame/ |
| 地 | na /na/ | na /na/ | na /na/ | *na /*na/ | — | *gajar /*ɡadʒar/ | — |
| 海 | mederi /mədəri/ | mederi /medəri/ | mederi /mederi/ | *lāmu /*laːmu/ | — | *dalai /*dalaj/ | umi /ɯmi/ |
| 龍 | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | — | — | — | tatsu /tat͡sɯ/ |
| 虎 | tasha /taɕa/ | tasha /taʃa/ | tasha /taʃa/ | — | — | — | tora /toɾa/ |
| 犬 | indahūn /indaʁun/ | indahūn /indaxuːn/ | indahūn /indaxɯn/ | *ŋinda /*ŋinda/ | — | *noxai /*noxaj/ | inu /inɯ/ |
| 馬 | morin /mɔrin/ | morin /morin/ | morin /morin/ | *murin /*murin/ | morin /morin/ | *mori(n) /*morin/ | uma /ɯma/ |
| 鳥 | gasha /ɢaɕa/ | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | *gasa /*ɡasa/ | — | *sibawun /*sibaʊn/ | tori /toɾi/ |
| 魚 | nimaha /nimaʁa/ | nimaha /nimaxa/ | nimaha /nimaxa/ | *nimaka /*nimaka/ | — | *jigasu(n) /*dʒiɣasun/ | sakana /sakana/ |
| 牛 | ihan /iʁan/ | ihan /ixan/ | ihan /ixan/ | *xuker /*xuker/ | — | *hüker /*hyker/ | ushi /ɯɕi/ |
| 羊 | honin /χɔnin/ | honin /xonin/ | honin /xonin/ | — | — | *honi(n) /*honin/ | hitsuji /çit͡sɯd͡ʑi/ |
| 貓 | kesike /kəsitɕə/ | kesike /kəsikə/ | — | — | — | — | neko /neko/ |
| 人 | niyalma /ɲalma/ | niyalma /njalma/ | niyalma /nialma/ | *niama /*niama/ | küü /kʰuː/ | *kümün /*kymyn/ | hito /çito/ |
| 手 | gala /ɢala/ | gala /ɡala/ | gala /ɡala/ | *ŋāla /*ŋaːla/ | — | *gar /*ɡar/ | te /te/ |
| 足 | bethe /bətxə/ | bethe /bətxə/ | bethe /betxe/ | *bəgdi /*bəɡdi/ | — | *köl /*kœl/ | ashi /aɕi/ |
| 目 | yasa /jaza/ | yasa /jasa/ | yasa /jasa/ | *jāsa /*jaːsa/ | — | *nidün /*nidyn/ | me /me/ |
| 耳 | šan /ɕan/ | šan /ʃan/ | šan /ʃan/ | *sēn /*seːn/ | — | *cikin /*tʃikin/ | mimi /mimi/ |
| 口 | angga /aŋɢa/ | angga /aŋɡa/ | angga /aŋɡa/ | *amŋa /*amŋa/ | — | *aman /*aman/ | kuchi /kɯt͡ɕi/ |
| 頭 | uju /ud͡ʑu/ | uju /ud͡ʒu/ | uju /udʑu/ | *dil /*dil/ | — | *terixün /*terixyn/ | atama /atama/ |
| 心 | niyaman /ɲaman/ | niyaman /njaman/ | niyaman /niaman/ | *mēwan /*meːwan/ | — | *jirüken /*dʒiryken/ | kokoro /kokoɾo/ |
| 血 | senggi /səŋɣi/ | senggi /səŋɡi/ | senggi /səŋɡi/ | *sēksə /*seːksə/ | — | *cisu(n) /*tʃisun/ | chi /t͡ɕi/ |
| 肉 | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | *uldʒə /*uld͡ʒə/ | — | *mika(n) /*mikan/ | — |
| 上 | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | *ugi /*uɡi/ | — | *degere /*deɡere/ | ue /ɯe/ |
| 下 | fejile /fəd͡ʑilə/ | fejile /fəd͡ʒilə/ | fejile /fəjilə/ | *xərgi /*xərɡi/ | — | *doxora /*doxora/ | shita /ɕita/ |
| 中 | dulimba /dulimba/ | dulimba /dulimba/ | dulin /dulin/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | *dumda /*dumda/ | naka /naka/ |
| 中 | goibumbi /ɢɔibum/ | goibumbi /ɡoibumbi/ | — | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | *dumda /*dumda/ | ataru /ataɾɯ/ |
| 央 | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | — | — |
| 左 | hashū /χaɕu/ | hashū /xaʃuː/ | hashū /haʃɯ/ | *dʒəgün /*d͡ʒəɡyn/ | — | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | hidari /çidaɾi/ |
| 右 | ici /it͡ɕi/ | ici /it͡ʃi/ | ici /itɕi/ | *aŋān /*aŋaːn/ | — | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | migi /migi/ |
| 東 | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | — | — | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | higashi /çigaɕi/ |
| 西 | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | — | — | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | nishi /niɕi/ |
| 南 | julergi /d͡ʑulərɡi/ | julergi /d͡ʒulərɡi/ | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | — | — | *emüne /*emyne/ | minami /minami/ |
| 北 | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | — | — | *hoyitu /*hojitu/ | kita /kita/ |
| 行 | yabumbi /jawum/ | yabumbi /jabumbi/ | yabu- /jabu-/ | *jabu- /*jabu-/ | — | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | iku /ikɯ/ |
| 行 | faidan /faidan/ | faidan /faidan/ | — | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | — | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | — |
| 来 | jimbi /d͡ʑim/ | jimbi /d͡ʒimbi/ | ji- /dʑi-/ | *əmə- /*əmə-/ | — | *ire- /*ire-/ | kuru /kɯɾɯ/ |
| 去 | genembi /ɡənəm/ | genembi /ɡənəmbi/ | gene- /ɡənə-/ | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | — | *od- /*od-/ | saru /saɾɯ/ |
| 見 | sabumbi /sabum/ | sabumbi /sabumbi/ | sabu- /sabu-/ | *ičə- /*it͡ʃə-/ | — | *üje- /*ydʒe-/ | miru /miɾɯ/ |
| 聞 | donjimbi /dɔnd͡ʑim/ | donjimbi /dond͡ʒimbi/ | donji- /dondʑi-/ | *dōldi- /*doːldi-/ | — | *sonos- /*sonos-/ | kiku /kikɯ/ |
| 食 | jembi /d͡ʑəm/ | jembi /d͡ʒəmbi/ | je- /dʑe-/ | *dʒəp- /*d͡ʒəp-/ | — | *ide- /*ide-/ | kuu /kɯɯ/ |
| 飲 | omimbi /ɔmim/ | omimbi /omimbi/ | omi- /omi-/ | *umī- /*umiː-/ | — | *uxu- /*uxu-/ | nomu /nomɯ/ |
| 走 | sujumbi /sud͡ʑum/ | sujumbi /sud͡ʒumbi/ | suju- /sudʑu-/ | *tuksa- /*tuksa-/ | — | *güyü- /*ɡyjy-/ | hashiru /haɕiɾɯ/ |
| 坐 | tembi /təm/ | tembi /təmbi/ | te- /te-/ | *təgə- /*təɡə-/ | — | *saxu- /*saxu-/ | suwaru /sɯwaɾɯ/ |
| 立 | ilimbi /ilim/ | ilimbi /ilimbi/ | ili- /ili-/ | *ili- /*ili-/ | — | *bos- /*bos-/ | tatsu /tat͡sɯ/ |
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