𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰
Old Turkic
Turkic · historical / hidden variety
Old Turkic (𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰) is the earliest attested Turkic language, recorded in the Orkhon inscriptions (732 CE) and Yenisei runiform texts. The Orkhon script of ~38 letters, possibly inspired by Sogdian/Aramaic models, was the first writing system devised specifically for Turkic. Modern Turkish, Kazakh, Uyghur etc. all descend from this stage.
Where it is spoken
31 core words in Old Turkic
Water
𐰽𐰆𐰉
/sub/
Fire
𐰆𐱃
/ot/
Sun
𐰚𐰰𐰣
/kyn/
Moon
𐰀𐰖
/aj/
Star
𐰖𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰕
/jultuz/
Mother
𐰜𐰏
/øɡ/
Father
𐰴𐰭
/qaŋ/
I
𐰋𐰤
/ben/
You
𐰾𐰤
/sen/
Name
𐰀𐱃
/at/
Eye
𐰚𐰕
/køz/
Hand
𐰘𐰠𐰏
/eliɡ/
Heart
𐰚𐰭𐰠
/køŋyl/
Love
𐰽𐰋-
/sæb/
Tree
𐰃𐰍𐰲
/ɯɣatʃ/
House
𐰋
/æb/
Dog
𐰃𐱃
/it/
Cat
—
/—/
Eat
𐰘𐰃-
/je/
Drink
𐰃𐰲-
/itʃ/
One
𐰋𐰃𐰼
/bir/
Two
𐰃𐰚𐰃
/eki/
Hello
—
/—/
Thank you
—
/—/
Good
𐰓𐰏𐰢
/ædɡy/
Words compared
Compared with related Turkic languages
| Meaning | Old Turkic | Karakhanid | Proto-Turkic | Western Yugur | Nogai | Tofa | Kumyk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | 𐰽𐰆𐰉 /sub/ | suw /suw/ | *sub /sub/ | su /su/ | сув /suv/ | суғ /suɣ/ | сув /suv/ |
| Fire | 𐰆𐱃 /ot/ | ot /ot/ | *ōt /ōt/ | ot /ot/ | от /ot/ | от /ot/ | от /ot/ |
| Sun | 𐰚𐰰𐰣 /kyn/ | kün /kyn/ | *kün /kün/ | kün /kʰyn/ | күн /kyn/ | хүн /xyn/ | гюн /ɡyn/ |
| Moon | 𐰀𐰖 /aj/ | ay /aj/ | *āń /āń/ | aj /aj/ | ай /aj/ | ай /aj/ | ай /aj/ |
| Star | 𐰖𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰕 /jultuz/ | yultuz /jultuz/ | *jultuz /jultuz/ | yiltus /jɯltɯs/ | юлдыз /juldɯz/ | сылдыс /sɯldɯs/ | юлдуз /julduz/ |
| Mother | 𐰜𐰏 /øɡ/ | ana /ana/ | *ana /ana/ | ana /ana/ | ана /ana/ | ийе /ije/ | ана /ana/ |
| Father | 𐰴𐰭 /qaŋ/ | ata /ata/ | *ata /ata/ | ata /ata/ | атай /ataj/ | ача /atʃa/ | ата /ata/ |
| I | 𐰋𐰤 /ben/ | men /men/ | *ben /ben/ | men /men/ | мен /men/ | мен /men/ | мен /men/ |
| You | 𐰾𐰤 /sen/ | sen /sen/ | *sen /sen/ | sen /sen/ | сен /sen/ | сен /sen/ | сен /sen/ |
| Name | 𐰀𐱃 /at/ | at /at/ | *āt /āt/ | at /at/ | ат /at/ | ат /at/ | ат /at/ |
| Eye | 𐰚𐰕 /køz/ | köz /køz/ | *köz /köz/ | kez /kez/ | коьз /køz/ | карак /karak/ | гёз /ɡøz/ |
| Hand | 𐰘𐰠𐰏 /eliɡ/ | qol /qol/ | *elig /elig/ | ɨlɨɣ /ɯlɯɣ/ | къол /qol/ | хол /xol/ | къол /qol/ |
| Heart | 𐰚𐰭𐰠 /køŋyl/ | yürek /jyrek/ | *jürek /jürek/ | jörek /jørek/ | юрек /jyrek/ | чүрек /tʃyrek/ | юрек /jyrek/ |
| Love | 𐰽𐰋- /sæb/ | sevgü /sevɡy/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | суьюв /syjyv/ | — /—/ | сюйюв /syjyv/ |
| Tree | 𐰃𐰍𐰲 /ɯɣatʃ/ | ığač /ɯɣatʃ/ | *ïgač /ïgač/ | terik /terik/ | терек /terek/ | ыъаш /ɯʔaʃ/ | терек /terek/ |
| House | 𐰋 /æb/ | ev /ev/ | *ēb /ēb/ | jü /jy/ | уьй /yj/ | өг /øɣ/ | уьй /yj/ |
| Dog | 𐰃𐱃 /it/ | it /it/ | *ït /ït/ | əʂt /ɯʂt/ | ит /it/ | ыът /ɯʔt/ | ит /it/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | piši /piʃi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | мысык /məsəq/ | — /—/ | мишик /miʃik/ |
| Eat | 𐰘𐰃- /je/ | yi- /ji/ | *jē- /jē-/ | ji /ji/ | аш /aʃ/ | чиир /tʃiːr/ | ашамакъ /aʃamaq/ |
| Drink | 𐰃𐰲- /itʃ/ | ič- /itʃ/ | *ič- /ič-/ | ɨš /ɯʃ/ | иш /iʃ/ | иъжер /iʔʒer/ | ичмек /itʃmek/ |
| One | 𐰋𐰃𐰼 /bir/ | bir /bir/ | *bīr /bīr/ | per /pɪr/ | бир /bir/ | бир /bir/ | бир /bir/ |
| Two | 𐰃𐰚𐰃 /eki/ | iki /iki/ | *eki /eki/ | šigɨ /ʃiɣɯ/ | эки /eki/ | ийи /iji/ | эки /eki/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | salām /salaːm/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ассаламу алейкум /asːalamu alejkum/ | — /—/ | ассаламу алейкум /asːalamu alejkum/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | tabug /tabuɡ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | сав бол /sav bol/ | — /—/ | савбол /savbol/ |
| Good | 𐰓𐰏𐰢 /ædɡy/ | yaqšı /jaqʃɯ/ | *edgü /edgü/ | yaş /jɑʂ/ | яксы /jaksə/ | эъки /eʔki/ | яхшы /jaχʃə/ |
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