𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰

Old Turkic

Turkic · historical / hidden variety

FamilyTurkic SpeakersExtinct (~6-10c. CE) ScriptOld Turkic script (Orkhon runiform; later Old Uyghur alphabet) CountriesSecond Turkic Khaganate, Uyghur Khaganate (Mongolia, Central Asia) Official inGöktürks, Uyghur Khaganate Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3otk

Old Turkic (𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰) is the earliest attested Turkic language, recorded in the Orkhon inscriptions (732 CE) and Yenisei runiform texts. The Orkhon script of ~38 letters, possibly inspired by Sogdian/Aramaic models, was the first writing system devised specifically for Turkic. Modern Turkish, Kazakh, Uyghur etc. all descend from this stage.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Old Turkic

Water

𐰽𐰆𐰉

/sub/

Fire

𐰆𐱃

/ot/

Sun

𐰚𐰰𐰣

/kyn/

Moon

𐰀𐰖

/aj/

Mother

𐰜𐰏

/øɡ/

Father

𐰴𐰭

/qaŋ/

Eat

𐰘𐰃-

/je/

Drink

𐰃𐰲-

/itʃ/

Love

𐰽𐰋-

/sæb/

Heart

𐰚𐰭𐰠

/køŋyl/

Tree

𐰃𐰍𐰲

/ɯɣatʃ/

House

𐰋

/æb/

Dog

𐰃𐱃

/it/

Cat

/—/

Hand

𐰘𐰠𐰏

/eliɡ/

Eye

𐰚𐰕

/køz/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/—/

One

𐰋𐰃𐰼

/bir/

Good

𐰓𐰏𐰢

/ædɡy/

Words compared

Compared with related Turkic languages

Meaning Old TurkicKarakhanidTofaNogaiAltaiKarachay-BalkarKarakalpak
Water 𐰽𐰆𐰉 /sub/ suw /suw/ суғ /suɣ/ сув /suv/ суу /suː/ суу /suw/ suw /suw/
Fire 𐰆𐱃 /ot/ ot /ot/ от /ot/ от /ot/ от /ot/ от /ot/ ot /ot/
Sun 𐰚𐰰𐰣 /kyn/ kün /kyn/ хүн /xyn/ күн /kyn/ кӱн /kyn/ кюн /kyn/ kún /kyn/
Moon 𐰀𐰖 /aj/ ay /aj/ ай /aj/ ай /aj/ ай /aj/ ай /aj/ ay /aj/
Mother 𐰜𐰏 /øɡ/ ana /ana/ ийе /ije/ ана /ana/ эне /ene/ ана /ana/ ana /ana/
Father 𐰴𐰭 /qaŋ/ ata /ata/ ача /atʃa/ атай /ataj/ ада /ada/ ата /ata/ ata /ata/
Eat 𐰘𐰃- /je/ yi- /ji/ чиир /tʃiːr/ аш /aʃ/ јиир /dʒiːr/ ашаргъа /aʃarʁa/ jew /ʒew/
Drink 𐰃𐰲- /itʃ/ ič- /itʃ/ иъжер /iʔʒer/ иш /iʃ/ ичер /itʃer/ ичерге /itʃerɡe/ ishiw /iʃiw/
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