Diné bizaad

Navajo

Na-Dené (Athabaskan, Southern)

FamilyNa-Dené (Athabaskan, Southern) Speakers~170K ScriptLatin CountriesUSA (Navajo Nation — AZ, NM, UT) Official inNo (Navajo Nation has internal language preservation) Vitalityvulnerable ISO 639-3nav

Also known as: Navajo, Diné, Dine

Navajo (Diné Bizaad) is a Southern Athabaskan language spoken across the Navajo Nation in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah and by Diné communities elsewhere. It is one of the most widely spoken Indigenous languages in the United States, but intergenerational transmission has declined, prompting immersion schools, family programs, teacher training, and other revitalization work. In December 2024 the Navajo Nation designated Diné Bizaad its official language, followed by a 2025 executive order for implementation in government. Its Latin-based orthography marks vowel length, nasalization, high tone, and the glottal stop; the language also has low tone, aspirated and ejective consonants, and highly complex verb-centered morphology. During World War II, Navajo Marines developed a specialized military code based on the language for Pacific communications: Navajo itself was not simply a code.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Navajo

Water

/tóː/

Fire

kǫʼ

/kõːʔ/

Sun

jóhonaaʼéí

/dʒóhonɑːʔéːí/

Moon

tłʼéhonaaʼéí

/tɬʼéhonɑːʔéːí/

Star

sǫʼ

/sṍʔ/

Mother

shimá

/ʃimáː/

Father

shizhéʼé

/ʃiʒéːʔéː/

I

shí

/ʃí/

You

ni

/ni/

Name

-zhiʼ

/ʒìʔ/

Eye

anááʼ

/ʔanáːʔ/

Hand

álaʼ

/ʔálaʔ/

Heart

ajéí

/ɑdʒéːí/

Love

ayóóʼánóshní

/ɑjóːʔɑ́nóʃníː/

Tree

tsin

/tsin/

House

hooghan

/hoːɣɑn/

Dog

łééchąąʼí

/ɬéːtʃãːʔí/

Cat

mósí

/mósí/

Eat

yishą́

/jiʃã́ː/

Drink

yishdlą́

/jiʃtɬã́ː/

One

tʼááłáʼí

/tʼɑ́ːɬɑ́ːʔí/

Two

naaki

/nɑːkɪ/

Hello

yáʼátʼééh

/jɑ́ːʔɑ́tʼéːh/

Thank you

ahéheeʼ

/ɑhéːheːʔ/

Good

yáʼátʼééh

/jɑ́ːʔɑ́tʼéːh/

Cuckoo

naatsédlózii

/naːtséˈtɬózìː/

Computer

béésh nitsékeesí

/péːʃ nìtsékèːsí/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Na-Dené (Athabaskan, Southern) languages

Meaning NavajoWestern ApacheArapahoHupaKoyukonClassical SyriacKiowa
Water /tóː/ tu /tu/ nec /netʃ/ xaŋ /xɑŋ/ too /toː/ ܡܝܐ /majjaː/ tóñ /tʰṍ/
Fire kǫʼ /kõːʔ/ kǫʼ /kṍʔ/ héétee' /héːteːʔ/ xoŋ’ /xoŋʔ/ konh /konh/ ܢܘܪܐ /nuːraː/ phi̱ /pʰĩ/
Sun jóhonaaʼéí /dʒóhonɑːʔéːí/ shándaʼá /ʃándaːʔá/ hiʼíísh /hiʔíːʃ/ hwa /hwa/ so /so/ ܫܡܫܐ /ʃemʃaː/ phî: /pʰîː/
Moon tłʼéhonaaʼéí /tɬʼéhonɑːʔéːí/ tłʼéʼsanaaʼái /tɬʔeʔsanaːʔai/ biikóusis /biːkóusis/ hwa-ʼaŋʼ /hwaʔɑŋʔ/ oolts'enh /ooltsʼenh/ ܣܗܪܐ /sahraː/ phé: /pʰéː/
Star sǫʼ /sṍʔ/ sǫʼs /sṍːs/ ho3o' /hoθoːʔ/ sʼeʔ /sʼeʔ/ so /sɔ/ ܟܘܟܒܐ /kawkβaː/ t'ǫ́ǫ̀y /tʼṍːj/
Mother shimá /ʃimáː/ shimá /ʃima/ neinó /neinó/ -an’ /-anʔ/ enaa /enaː/ ܐܡܐ /ʔemmaː/ tsitda /tsitda/
Father shizhéʼé /ʃiʒéːʔéː/ shitaa /ʃitaː/ neisónoo /neisónoː/ -ta’ /-taʔ/ etaa /etaː/ ܐܒܐ /ʔabbaː/ gò: /ɡòː/
I shí /ʃí/ shí /ʃí/ nenee' /nɛnɛːʔ/ whe /hʷe/ see /siː/ ܐܢܐ /ʔenaː/ nɔ́ɔ /nɔ́ː/
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Word order compared

Compare with major world languages

Navajo
Shí kéyah tséhootsooí bitsʼą́ą́dę́ę́ʼ naalyéhé bá hooghan yishʼį́į́ʼ ééʼ yishłááh nisin
أنا أريد أن أجرب بدلة رأيتها في محل مقابل الفندق
试穿 酒店 对面的 商店 看到的 那套西装
I want to try on a suit I saw ‌in a shop across from the hotel
Ich möchte einen Anzug anprobieren den ich in einem Geschäft gegenüber vom Hotel gesehen habe
मैं होटल के सामने एक दुकान में देखा सूट को पहनकर देखना चाहता हूँ
私は ホテルの 向かいの お店 見た スーツを 試着 したいです
Я хочу примерить костюм который я увидел в магазине напротив отеля

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