Hinónoʼeitíít

Arapaho

Algonquian

FamilyAlgonquian Speakers~1K (critically endangered) ScriptLatin CountriesUSA (Wyoming, Oklahoma) Official inNo (no federal status; the Northern Arapaho Tribe operates a tribal college and immersion schools) Vitalitycritically endangered ISO 639-3arp

Arapaho (autonymously Hinónoʼeitíít, "our language") is an Algonquian language of the Plains branch, spoken by around 1,000 people on the Wind River Indian Reservation of Wyoming and the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Reservation of Oklahoma. The Arapaho migrated to the Plains from the western Great Lakes region around 1700 along with the Cheyenne (chy), making them the westernmost Algonquian-speaking nations. Linguistically, Arapaho is famous for its highly innovative phonology relative to other Algonquian languages — Proto-Algonquian *p became Arapaho /h/ (so kalapay → ahawaa), creating distinctive sound patterns unlike Cheyenne or other relatives. The Northern Arapaho Tribe operates immersion schools and the Wyoming Indian Schools partnership to revitalize the language, but most remaining speakers are now over 60.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Arapaho

Water

nec

/netʃ/

Fire

héétee'

/héːteːʔ/

Sun

hiʼíísh

/hiʔíːʃ/

Moon

biikóusis

/biːkóusis/

Star

ho3o'

/hoθoːʔ/

Mother

neinó

/neinó/

Father

neisónoo

/neisónoː/

I

nenee'

/nɛnɛːʔ/

You

nénen

/nénɛn/

Name

-íisi'

/íːsiʔ/

Eye

hisí

/hisí/

Hand

hooxóʼ

/hoːxóʔ/

Heart

betéé

/betéː/

Love

héétébí

/héːtébí/

Tree

hooxéí

/hoːxéí/

House

biito

/biːto/

Dog

héʼ

/héʔ/

Cat

cécee

/tʃétʃéː/

Eat

betébí

/betébí/

Drink

bénee

/bénéː/

One

ceeséeʼ

/tʃeːséːʔ/

Two

niis

/niːs/

Hello

héébe

/héːbe/

Thank you

hohóu

/hohóu/

Good

hetééʼ

/hetéːʔ/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Algonquian languages

Meaning ArapahoMenomineeNavajoWestern ApacheMunseeKiowaPlains Cree
Water nec /netʃ/ nepāew /nəpaːew/ /tóː/ tu /tu/ mpíi /mbiː/ tóñ /tʰṍ/ ᓂᐱᕀ /nipiː/
Fire héétee' /héːteːʔ/ eskotēw /eskoteːw/ kǫʼ /kõːʔ/ kǫʼ /kṍʔ/ lúhsuw /luhsuw/ phi̱ /pʰĩ/ ᐃᐢᑯᑌᐤ /iskoteːw/
Sun hiʼíísh /hiʔíːʃ/ kēsoq /keːsoʔ/ jóhonaaʼéí /dʒóhonɑːʔéːí/ shándaʼá /ʃándaːʔá/ kíishux /kiːʃux/ phî: /pʰîː/ ᐲᓯᒼ /piːsim/
Moon biikóusis /biːkóusis/ tepāhkēsoq /tepaːhkeːsoʔ/ tłʼéhonaaʼéí /tɬʼéhonɑːʔéːí/ tłʼéʼsanaaʼái /tɬʔeʔsanaːʔai/ nipáhum /nipahum/ phé: /pʰéː/ ᑎᐱᐢᑳᐃᐧᐲᓯᒼ /tipiskaːwi piːsim/
Star ho3o' /hoθoːʔ/ anaeq /anɛːʔ/ sǫʼ /sṍʔ/ sǫʼs /sṍːs/ alaánkw /alaːŋkʷ/ t'ǫ́ǫ̀y /tʼṍːj/ ᐊᒑᐦᑯᐢ /acaːhkos/
Mother neinó /neinó/ nekīah /nekiːah/ shimá /ʃimáː/ shimá /ʃima/ nkáhees /ŋkaheːs/ tsitda /tsitda/ ᓂᑳᐃᐧ /nikaːwiː/
Father neisónoo /neisónoː/ nōhnāeh /noːhnaːeh/ shizhéʼé /ʃiʒéːʔéː/ shitaa /ʃitaː/ nóoxw /noːxw/ gò: /ɡòː/ ᓅᐦᑖᐃᐧ /noːhtaːwiː/
I nenee' /nɛnɛːʔ/ nenah /nɛnah/ shí /ʃí/ shí /ʃí/ nii /niː/ nɔ́ɔ /nɔ́ː/ ᓂᔭ /niya/
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