Français africain
French (African)
Indo-European (Romance, Gallo-Romance, French)
African French (français d'Afrique) is the umbrella term for the varieties of French spoken across the 21+ Francophone African states, with ~167M speakers (overwhelmingly L2 alongside indigenous African languages). DRC alone has ~50M French speakers, making it the largest French-speaking country by population. Each region has distinctive features: Ivorian Nouchi street register, Senegalese Wolof contact features, Cameroonian Camfranglais code-mixing, Maghreb Arabic-French diglossia. By 2050, demographic projections suggest 80%+ of all French speakers will be African — making African French the future demographic center of the language.
Where it is spoken
20 core words in French (African)
Water
eau
/o/
Fire
feu
/fø/
Sun
soleil
/sɔlɛj/
Moon
lune
/lyn/
Mother
mère
/mɛʁ/
Father
père
/pɛʁ/
Eat
manger
/mɑ̃ʒe/
Drink
boire
/bwaʁ/
Love
amour
/amuʁ/
Heart
cœur
/kœʁ/
Tree
arbre
/aʁbʁ/
House
maison
/mɛzɔ̃/
Dog
chien
/ʃjɛ̃/
Cat
chat
/ʃa/
Hand
main
/mɛ̃/
Eye
œil
/œj/
Hello
bonjour
/bɔ̃ʒuʁ/
Thank you
merci
/mɛʁsi/
One
un
/œ̃/
Good
bon
/bɔ̃/
Sources
- OIF — Observatoire de la langue française
- Manessy (1994) Le français en Afrique noire
- Queffélec (2008) Le français en Afrique
Words compared
Compared with related Indo-European (Romance, Gallo-Romance, French) languages
| Meaning | French (African) | French | French (Belgian) | French (Swiss) | French (Québec) | Picard | Classical French (17c., Bel Usage) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | eau /o/ | eau /o/ | eau /o/ | eau /o/ | eau /o/ | iau /jo/ | eau /o/ |
| Fire | feu /fø/ | feu /fø/ | feu /fø/ | feu /fø/ | feu /fø/ | fu /fy/ | feu /fø/ |
| Sun | soleil /sɔlɛj/ | soleil /sɔlɛj/ | soleil /sɔlɛj/ | soleil /sɔlɛj/ | soleil /sɔlɛj/ | solèl /sɔlɛl/ | soleil /sɔlɛj/ |
| Moon | lune /lyn/ | lune /lyn/ | lune /lyn/ | lune /lyn/ | lune /lʏn/ | lune /lyn/ | lune /lyn/ |
| Mother | mère /mɛʁ/ | mère /mɛʁ/ | mère /mɛʁ/ | mère /mɛʁ/ | mère /mɛːʁ/ | mère /mɛʁ/ | mère /mɛːr/ |
| Father | père /pɛʁ/ | père /pɛʁ/ | père /pɛʁ/ | père /pɛʁ/ | père /pɛːʁ/ | père /pɛʁ/ | père /pɛːr/ |
| Eat | manger /mɑ̃ʒe/ | manger /mɑ̃ʒe/ | manger /mɑ̃ʒe/ | manger /mɑ̃ʒe/ | manger /mɑ̃ʒe/ | minger /mɛ̃ʒe/ | manger /mɑ̃ʒe/ |
| Drink | boire /bwaʁ/ | boire /bwaʁ/ | boire /bwaʁ/ | boire /bwaʁ/ | boire /bwɑːʁ/ | boère /bwɛʁ/ | boire /bweːr/ |
| Love | amour /amuʁ/ | amour /amuʁ/ | amour /amuʁ/ | amour /amuʁ/ | amour /amuːʁ/ | amour /amuʁ/ | amour /amur/ |
| Heart | cœur /kœʁ/ | cœur /kœʁ/ | cœur /kœʁ/ | cœur /kœʁ/ | cœur /kœːʁ/ | cœur /kœʁ/ | cœur /kœːr/ |
| Tree | arbre /aʁbʁ/ | arbre /aʁbʁ/ | arbre /aʁbʁ/ | arbre /aʁbʁ/ | arbre /aːʁbʁ/ | abre /abʁ/ | arbre /aːrbr/ |
| House | maison /mɛzɔ̃/ | maison /mɛzɔ̃/ | maison /mɛzɔ̃/ | maison /mɛzɔ̃/ | maison /mɛzɔ̃/ | mason /masɔ̃/ | maison /mɛzɔ̃/ |
| Dog | chien /ʃjɛ̃/ | chien /ʃjɛ̃/ | chien /ʃjɛ̃/ | chien /ʃjɛ̃/ | chien /ʃjɛ̃/ | kien /kjɛ̃/ | chien /ʃjɛ̃/ |
| Cat | chat /ʃa/ | chat /ʃa/ | chat /ʃa/ | chat /ʃa/ | chat /ʃa/ | cat /ka/ | chat /ʃaː/ |
| Hand | main /mɛ̃/ | main /mɛ̃/ | main /mɛ̃/ | main /mɛ̃/ | main /mɛ̃/ | main /mɛ̃/ | main /mɛ̃/ |
| Eye | œil /œj/ | œil /œj/ | œil /œj/ | œil /œj/ | œil /œj/ | œil /œj/ | œil /œːj/ |
| Hello | bonjour /bɔ̃ʒuʁ/ | bonjour /bɔ̃ʒuʁ/ | bonjour /bɔ̃ʒuʁ/ | bonjour /bɔ̃ʒuʁ/ | allô /alo/ | bojour /bɔʒuʁ/ | Dieu vous garde /djø vu ɡard/ |
| Thank you | merci /mɛʁsi/ | merci /mɛʁsi/ | merci /mɛʁsi/ | merci /mɛʁsi/ | merci /mɛʁsi/ | merci /mɛʁsi/ | grâces /ɡraːs/ |
| One | un /œ̃/ | un /œ̃/ | un /œ̃/ | un /œ̃/ | un /œ̃/ | un /œ̃/ | un /œ̃/ |
| Good | bon /bɔ̃/ | bon /bɔ̃/ | bon /bɔ̃/ | bon /bɔ̃/ | bon /bɔ̃/ | bon /bɔ̃/ | bon /bɔ̃/ |
Word order compared
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