Makasae
Kimakasae
Trans-New Guinea (familia ya Timor-Alor-Pantar, Eastern Timor)
Makasae ndiyo lugha ya Kipapua (isiyo ya Kiaustronesia) inayozungumzwa zaidi magharibi mwa bara la New Guinea, ikiwa na wazungumzaji wapatao 100,000 katika manispaa za Baucau na Viqueque mashariki mwa Timor-Leste. Inahusiana na tawi la Timor-Mashariki la familia ya Timor-Alor-Pantar (Trans-New Guinea), ikiwa karibu zaidi na Makalero (ambayo pamoja nayo huunda mnyororo wa lahaja), kisha Fataluku na Oirata. Makasae ina sifa kubwa ya kutengana (isolating) na mpangilio wa maneno wa SOV, na ina tabaka kubwa la maneno ya mkopo ya Kiaustronesia kutoka Tetum na lugha za Kawaimina.
Inakozungumzwa
Maneno 31 ya msingi katika Kimakasae
Maji
ira
/ˈira/
Moto
ata
/ˈata/
Jua
watu
/ˈwatu/
Mwezi
uru
/ˈuru/
Nyota
ipi
/ipi/
Mama
ina
/ˈina/
Baba
baba
/ˈbaba/
Mimi
ani
/ani/
Wewe
ai
/ai/
Jina
naran
/naran/
Jicho
nana
/ˈnana/
Mkono
tana
/ˈtana/
Moyo
—
/—/
Upendo
—
/—/
Mti
ate
/ˈate/
Nyumba
oma
/ˈoma/
Mbwa
defa
/ˈdɛfa/
Paka
—
/—/
Kula
nawa
/ˈnawa/
Kunywa
gehe
/ˈɡɛhɛ/
Moja
u
/ʔu/
Mbili
lolae
/loˈlae/
Habari
—
/—/
Asante
—
/—/
Nzuri
rau
/rau/
Vyanzo
- Huber, J. (2008) First Steps Towards a Reference Grammar of Makasae: A Language of East Timor. LINCOM Studies in Austronesian Linguistics 195.
- Brotherson, A. (2003) A Spatial Odyssey: Referring to Space in Makasae. MA thesis, Leiden Univ.
- Stokhof, W. A. L. (1975) Preliminary notes on the Oirata language. Pacific Linguistics B-43.
- Schapper, A. (ed.) (2017) The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar, Vol. 2. De Gruyter Mouton.
- Glottolog: Makasae
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Trans-New Guinea (Timor-Alor-Pantar, Eastern Timor) zinazohusiana
| Maana | Kimakasae | Kikavalan | Kidyirbal | Kiluvian | Kibidayuh-Bukar | Kiwalmajarri | Kiabau |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | ira /ˈira/ | zanum /zaˈnum/ | bana /ˈbana/ | wār /waːr/ | piin /piːn/ | ngapa /ˈŋapa/ | hu /hu/ |
| Moto | ata /ˈata/ | ramaz /raˈmaz/ | buni /ˈbuni/ | — /—/ | apui /aˈpui/ | warlu /ˈwaɭu/ | ya /ja/ |
| Jua | watu /ˈwatu/ | siban /siˈban/ | garri /ˈɡari/ | 𔖖𔓚 /ˈtiwad/ | biduh /biˈduh/ | ngalyarra /ŋaˈʎara/ | ey /ej/ |
| Mwezi | uru /ˈuru/ | buran /buˈran/ | gagara /ɡaˈɡara/ | 𔓜𔒄𔗦 /ˈarmas/ | bulan /buˈlan/ | pira /ˈpira/ | yen /jɛn/ |
| Nyota | ipi /ipi/ | bituqan /bituqan/ | gijiny /ɡiɟiɲ/ | — /—/ | bitun /bitun/ | wirl /wiɭ/ | por /por/ |
| Mama | ina /ˈina/ | tina /ˈtina/ | gumbu /ˈɡumbu/ | anni- /ˈanni/ | sindo /sinˈdoʔ/ | ngamaji /ŋaˈmaɟi/ | ipey /ˈipej/ |
| Baba | baba /ˈbaba/ | tama /ˈtama/ | ngumi /ˈŋumi/ | 𔐞𔑣𔓯𔗔 /ˈtadis/ | samah /saˈmah/ | kirta /ˈkiʈa/ | aio /aˈio/ |
| Mimi | ani /ani/ | aiku /aiku/ | ngaja /ŋaɟa/ | 𔐀 /ˈamu/ | aku /aku/ | ngaju /ŋaɟu/ | hane /hane/ |
| Wewe | ai /ai/ | aisu /aisu/ | nginda /ŋinda/ | tu /tu/ | muh /muh/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ | hme /hme/ |
| Jina | naran /naran/ | nangan /naŋan/ | yidyi /jiɟi/ | 𔐓𔓇𔒄𔖪 /ˈalamantsa/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | yini /jini/ | non /non/ |
| Jicho | nana /ˈnana/ | mata /maˈta/ | jili /ˈɟili/ | tawi- /ˈtawi/ | bateh /baˈteh/ | purlka /ˈpuɭka/ | nene /ˈnɛnɛ/ |
| Mkono | tana /ˈtana/ | rima /riˈma/ | mala /ˈmala/ | 𔑁𔓯𔑶𔖸 /ˈistri/ | təŋən /tə̆ˈŋən/ | marnin /ˈmaɳin/ | yiha /jiha/ |
| Moyo | — /—/ | — /—/ | mugu /ˈmuɡu/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | kurturlu /kuɭˈtuɭu/ | — /—/ |
| Upendo | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Mti | ate /ˈate/ | kasuy /kaˈsuj/ | yugu /ˈjuɡu/ | — /—/ | kayuh /kaˈjuh/ | watiya /waˈtija/ | nɔw /nɔw/ |
| Nyumba | oma /ˈoma/ | lepaw /ləˈpaw/ | mija /ˈmiɟa/ | 𔔙𔐤𔖪 /ˈparnantsa/ | ramin /raˈmin/ | ngurra /ˈŋura/ | a /a/ |
| Mbwa | defa /ˈdɛfa/ | wasu /waˈsu/ | guda /ˈɡuda/ | zuwana- /tsuˈwana/ | kaso /kaˈsoʔ/ | kunyarr /kuˈɲar/ | nwoh /nwɔh/ |
| Paka | — /—/ | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjaw/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Kula | nawa /ˈnawa/ | quman /quˈman/ | janganyu /ɟaŋˈaɲu/ | ad- /ad/ | kuman /kuˈman/ | nga- /ŋa/ | ra /ɾa/ |
| Kunywa | gehe /ˈɡɛhɛ/ | mimum /miˈmum/ | jiwuli /ɟiˈwuli/ | — /—/ | ŋinum /ŋiˈnum/ | nga- /ŋa/ | — /—/ |
| Moja | u /ʔu/ | issa /ˈissa/ | yara /ˈjara/ | — /—/ | isaʔ /iˈsaʔ/ | kanyjarra /kaɲˈɟara/ | rin /ɾin/ |
| Mbili | lolae /loˈlae/ | zusa /zusa/ | bulgany /bulɡaɲ/ | — /—/ | duɔh /duɔh/ | kujarra /kuɟara/ | sei /sei/ |
| Habari | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | rau /rau/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | wasu- /ˈwaːsu/ | biis /biːs/ | ngurnu /ˈŋuɳu/ | yapre /japɾɛ/ |
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