Drekay
Kirukai
Kiaustronesia (Formosan, Kirukai — tawi lake kuu)
Rukai (Drekay), inayozungumzwa na watu wapatao 10,000 katika milima ya Pingtung, Kaohsiung na Taitung kusini mwa Taiwan, ni mojawapo ya lugha za Kiaustronesia zinazotofautiana zaidi — Glottolog na wataalamu wengi wa lugha za Kiformosa wanaiweka katika tawi lake la msingi peke yake, sawia na familia nyingine yote (yaani, mgawanyiko wa kale kama Proto-Austronesia yenyewe). Ina lahaja sita zinazotambuliwa (Tanan, Labuan, Budai, Maga, Tona, Mantauran), baadhi zikiwa tofauti sana (hasa Mantauran) kiasi kwamba hazieleweki kati ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe. Kifonolojia inahifadhi mfumo wa irabu nne /i e a u/ (baadhi ya lahaja huongeza /ɨ/) na /q/ ya kovula, na kisarufi inatumia uwekaji alama wa fokasi wa mtindo wa Kiaustronesia lakini haina mfumo kamili wa sauti wa njia nne unaoonekana katika lugha nyingine nyingi za Kiformosa, kitendawili cha kitaipolojia kilicho kiini cha mijadala kuhusu ujenzi upya wa Proto-Austronesia.
Inakozungumzwa
Maneno 31 ya msingi katika Kirukai
Maji
acilai
/aˈtsilai/
Moto
apoy
/aˈpoi/
Jua
vai
/vai/
Mwezi
dramare
/ɖamarə/
Nyota
tariaw
/taɾiaw/
Mama
kainā
/kaiˈnaː/
Baba
amā
/aˈmaː/
Mimi
kunaku
/kunaku/
Wewe
kusu
/kusu/
Jina
ngadhalj
/ŋaðaɭ/
Jicho
maca
/ˈmatsa/
Mkono
alima
/aˈlima/
Moyo
atay
/aˈtai/
Upendo
ababai
/aˈbabai/
Mti
cəkələ
/tsəkələ/
Nyumba
daane
/daːne/
Mbwa
takanaw
/taˈkanau/
Paka
ngiyaw
/ŋiˈjau/
Kula
waane
/ˈwaːne/
Kunywa
otobi
/oˈtobi/
Moja
itha
/iˈθa/
Mbili
drusa
/ɖusa/
Habari
sabaw
/saˈbau/
Asante
masalu
/maˈsalu/
Nzuri
manangi
/maˈnaŋi/
Vyanzo
- Li, Paul Jen-kuei (1973) Rukai Structure. Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica Special Publications 64.
- Zeitoun, Elizabeth (2007) A Grammar of Mantauran (Rukai). Language and Linguistics Monograph Series A4-2, Academia Sinica.
- Council of Indigenous Peoples, Taiwan — Rukai (Drekay) orthography & dictionary (2005, rev. 2018).
- Glottolog: Rukai
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Austronesian (Formosan, Rukai — own primary branch) zinazohusiana
| Maana | Kirukai | Kipaiwan | Kipukapuka | Kiwallis | Kikadazan cha Pwani | Kifutuna cha Mashariki | Kipuyuma |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | acilai /aˈtsilai/ | zaljum /zaɭum/ | wai /wai/ | vai /vai/ | waig /waiɡ/ | vai /vai/ | enay /enai/ |
| Moto | apoy /aˈpoi/ | sapuy /sapui/ | awi /ˈawi/ | afi /aˈfi/ | tapui /taˈpui/ | afi /ˈafi/ | apuy /apui/ |
| Jua | vai /vai/ | qadaw /qadaw/ | la /la/ | laʻā /laˈʔaː/ | tadau /taˈdau/ | la'ā /laˈʔaː/ | kadaw /kadaw/ |
| Mwezi | dramare /ɖamarə/ | qiljas /qiɭas/ | malama /maˈlama/ | māhina /maːˈhina/ | vuhan /ˈvuhan/ | māsina /maːˈsina/ | bulan /buɭan/ |
| Nyota | tariaw /taɾiaw/ | vituqan /vituqan/ | wetū /wetuː/ | fetuʻu /fetuʔu/ | tombituon /tombituon/ | fetu'u /feˈtuʔu/ | vituwan /vituwan/ |
| Mama | kainā /kaiˈnaː/ | kina /kina/ | mama /ˈmama/ | faʻē /faˈʔeː/ | tina /ˈtina/ | tinana /tiˈnana/ | ina /ina/ |
| Baba | amā /aˈmaː/ | kama /kama/ | matua /maˈtua/ | tāmai /taːˈmai/ | tama /ˈtama/ | tamana /taˈmana/ | ama /ama/ |
| Mimi | kunaku /kunaku/ | tiaken /tiakən/ | au /au/ | au /au/ | zou /zou/ | au /au/ | kuiku /kuiku/ |
| Wewe | kusu /kusu/ | sun /sun/ | koe /koe/ | koe /koe/ | ika /ika/ | koe /ˈkoe/ | yu /ju/ |
| Jina | ngadhalj /ŋaðaɭ/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ingoa /iŋoa/ | higoa /hiŋoa/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | igoa /iˈŋoa/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ |
| Jicho | maca /ˈmatsa/ | maca /matsa/ | mata /ˈmata/ | mata /ˈmata/ | mato /ˈmato/ | mata /ˈmata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Mkono | alima /aˈlima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /ˈlima/ | nima /ˈnima/ | longon /ˈloŋon/ | lima /ˈlima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Moyo | atay /aˈtai/ | varung /vaɾuŋ/ | loto /ˈloto/ | mafu /ˈmafu/ | kosingan /koˈsiŋan/ | mafu /ˈmafu/ | kalumetan /kalumetan/ |
| Upendo | ababai /aˈbabai/ | nasaqaqa /nasaqaqa/ | aloa /aˈloa/ | ʻofa /ˈʔofa/ | ohunod /oˈhunod/ | alofa /aˈlofa/ | ulaw /ulaw/ |
| Mti | cəkələ /tsəkələ/ | kasiw /kasiw/ | lākau /laːˈkau/ | ʻakau /ʔaˈkau/ | kayu /ˈkaju/ | la'akau /laʔaˈkau/ | kawi /kawi/ |
| Nyumba | daane /daːne/ | umaq /umaq/ | wale /ˈwale/ | fale /ˈfale/ | walai /waˈlai/ | fale /ˈfale/ | ruma /ɾuma/ |
| Mbwa | takanaw /taˈkanau/ | vatu /vatu/ | kulī /kuˈliː/ | kulī /kuˈliː/ | tasu /ˈtasu/ | kulī /kuˈliː/ | suwan /suwan/ |
| Paka | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjau/ | ngiaw /ŋiaw/ | pusi /ˈpusi/ | pusi /ˈpusi/ | tusing /ˈtusiŋ/ | pūsi /ˈpuːsi/ | kating /katiŋ/ |
| Kula | waane /ˈwaːne/ | keman /kəman/ | kai /kai/ | kai /kai/ | mangakan /maˈŋakan/ | kai /kai/ | kuman /kuman/ |
| Kunywa | otobi /oˈtobi/ | temekel /təməkəl/ | inu /ˈinu/ | inu /ˈinu/ | monginum /moˈŋinum/ | inu /ˈinu/ | enpa /enpa/ |
| Moja | itha /iˈθa/ | ita /ita/ | tayi /ˈtaji/ | tahi /ˈtahi/ | iso /ˈiso/ | tasi /ˈtasi/ | sa /sa/ |
| Mbili | drusa /ɖusa/ | drusa /ɖusa/ | lua /lua/ | lua /lua/ | duvo /duvo/ | lua /ˈlua/ | zua /ʐua/ |
| Habari | sabaw /saˈbau/ | masalu /masalu/ | kia orana /kia oˈɾana/ | mālō te maʻuli /maːloː te maˈʔuli/ | kopivosian /kopiˈvosian/ | mālō /maːˈloː/ | marayas /maɾajas/ |
| Asante | masalu /maˈsalu/ | masalu /masalu/ | meitaki /meiˈtaki/ | mālō /maːˈloː/ | pounsikou /pounˈsikou/ | mālō /maːˈloː/ | kasapakan /kasapakan/ |
| Nzuri | manangi /maˈnaŋi/ | nguanguaq /ŋuaŋuaq/ | lelei /leˈlei/ | lelei /leˈlei/ | avasi /aˈvasi/ | mālie /maːˈlie/ | mauruway /mauɾuwai/ |
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