Djambarrpuyŋu
Djambarrpuyngu
Pama-Nyunga (Yolŋu, Dhuwal)
Djambarrpuyŋu ni lahaja ya Yolŋu Matha ya kundi la Dhuwal, inayozungumzwa kaskazini-mashariki mwa Arnhem Land katika Northern Territory ya Australia, ikiwa na kitovu chake Galiwin'ku (Kisiwa cha Elcho). Ndiyo lugha ya Waaborijini inayozungumzwa zaidi katika eneo hilo na hutumika kama lugha ya mawasiliano baina ya koo za Kiyolŋu, ndiyo maana sensa ya 2021 ilihesabu wasemaji wapatao 3,800 — zaidi ya karibu lugha nyingine yoyote ya jadi ya Australia. Kisarufi ni ya kundi la Pama-Nyungan: hutumia alama nyingi za hali za nomino, ikiwa na mpangilio huru sana wa maneno na mfumo wa viwakilishi unaotofautisha umoja, uwili na wingi pamoja na 'sisi' jumuishi na tenganishi. Msamiati wake una tabaka la pekee la mikopo ya Kimakasar kutokana na karne za biashara ya trepang na Sulawesi — walu 'jua, siku' hufuatiliwa hadi allo ya Kimakasar. Tofauti na lugha nyingi za Australia, bado hujifunzwa na watoto kama lugha ya kwanza, na ina Agano Jipya kamili (2008) pamoja na kamusi kubwa na sarufi ya marejeo.
Inakozungumzwa
Maneno 31 ya msingi katika Djambarrpuyngu
Maji
gapu
/ɡapu/
Moto
gurtha
/ɡuɻt̪a/
Jua
walu
/walu/
Mwezi
ŋaḻindi
/ŋaɭindi/
Nyota
ganyu
/ɡaɲu/
Mama
ŋäṉḏi
/ŋaːɳɖi/
Baba
bäpa
/baːpa/
Mimi
ŋarra
/ŋara/
Wewe
nhe
/n̪e/
Jina
yäku
/jaːku/
Jicho
mel
/mel/
Mkono
goŋ
/ɡoŋ/
Moyo
ḏoṯurrk
/ɖoʈurk/
Upendo
djäl
/ɟaːl/
Mti
dharpa
/d̪aɻpa/
Nyumba
buṉbu
/buɳbu/
Mbwa
wuŋgan
/wuŋɡan/
Paka
butjikit
/bucikit/
Kula
ḻuka
/ɭuka/
Kunywa
ḻuka
/ɭuka/
Moja
waŋgany
/waŋɡaɲ/
Mbili
märrma'
/maːrmaʔ/
Habari
Nhämirri nhe?
/n̪aːmiri n̪e/
Asante
—
/—/
Nzuri
manymak
/maɲmak/
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Pama-Nyungan (Yolŋu, Dhuwal) zinazohusiana
| Maana | Djambarrpuyngu | Kiwarlpiri | Kimartu Wangka | Kinhanda | Kiolkol | Kingunnawal | Kinoongar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | gapu /ɡapu/ | ngapa /ŋapa/ | kapi /kapi/ | kapi /kapi/ | kupa /kupa/ | kungal /kuŋal/ | kep /kep/ |
| Moto | gurtha /ɡuɻt̪a/ | warlu /waɭu/ | waru /waɾu/ | warla /waɻla/ | paral /paɻal/ | warba /waɻba/ | kaarl /kaːɻl/ |
| Jua | walu /walu/ | wanta /wanta/ | tjirntu /cɪɳʈu/ | wurʼa /wuɾʔa/ | naŋkari /naŋkaɻi/ | guma /ɡuma/ | ngangk /ŋaŋk/ |
| Mwezi | ŋaḻindi /ŋaɭindi/ | pira /piɻa/ | kayalany /kajalaɲ/ | kanyala /kaɲala/ | kakal /kakal/ | birrang /biɻaŋ/ | miyak /mijak/ |
| Nyota | ganyu /ɡaɲu/ | wanjirlpirri /waɲɟiɭpiri/ | piriny /piriɲ/ | indiya /indija/ | el idnban /el ˈidnban/ | dyurra /ɟura/ | djinda /ɟinda/ |
| Mama | ŋäṉḏi /ŋaːɳɖi/ | ngati /ŋati/ | yakaji /jakaɟi/ | ngamaji /ŋamadʒi/ | ngangi /ŋaŋi/ | guni /ɡuni/ | ngangk /ŋaŋk/ |
| Baba | bäpa /baːpa/ | kirda /kiɖa/ | mama /mama/ | kuthurra /kutʰuɻa/ | kaba /kaba/ | pumba /pumba/ | maam /maːm/ |
| Mimi | ŋarra /ŋara/ | ngaju /ŋaɟu/ | ngayu /ŋaju/ | ngayi /ŋaji/ | ay /aj/ | ngaya /ŋaja/ | ngany /ŋaɲ/ |
| Wewe | nhe /n̪e/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ | nyini /ɲini/ | inag /inaɡ/ | ngindu /ŋindu/ | noonook /nunuk/ |
| Jina | yäku /jaːku/ | yirdi /jiɖi/ | yini /jini/ | yini /jini/ | ukal /ukal/ | yini /jini/ | kwerl /kwɛɻl/ |
| Jicho | mel /mel/ | milpa /milpa/ | kuru /kuɾu/ | kuru /kuɻu/ | mil /mil/ | mil /mil/ | mel /mel/ |
| Mkono | goŋ /ɡoŋ/ | rdaka /ɖaka/ | mara /maɾa/ | mara /maɻa/ | mara /maɻa/ | mara /maɻa/ | mar /maɻ/ |
| Moyo | ḏoṯurrk /ɖoʈurk/ | wankaru /waŋkaɻu/ | kurtu /kʊɻʈu/ | pulpara /pulpaɻa/ | piku /piku/ | gauar /ɡauar/ | kortang /koɻtaŋ/ |
| Upendo | djäl /ɟaːl/ | nyangu /ɲaŋu/ | mukulyu /mukuʎu/ | kanyji /kaɲdʒi/ | kanyji /kaɲɟi/ | marmit /maɻmit/ | djaadjam /dʒaːdʒam/ |
| Mti | dharpa /d̪aɻpa/ | watiya /watija/ | watarrka /wataɻka/ | parntany /paɳʈaɲ/ | warray /waɾaj/ | warabi /waɻabi/ | boorn /boːɻn/ |
| Nyumba | buṉbu /buɳbu/ | ngurra /ŋura/ | ngurra /ŋura/ | nhurra /ɳuɻa/ | mariŋ /maɻiŋ/ | kuni /kuni/ | mia /maja/ |
| Mbwa | wuŋgan /wuŋɡan/ | jarntu /caɳʈu/ | papa /papa/ | kuwiyarl /kuwijaɻl/ | kunpa /kunpa/ | mirri /miɻi/ | dwert /dweɻt/ |
| Paka | butjikit /bucikit/ | mungalpa /muŋalpa/ | — /—/ | paka /paka/ | paka /paka/ | poosi /puːsi/ | nguni /ŋuni/ |
| Kula | ḻuka /ɭuka/ | ngarni /ŋaɳi/ | ngalku- /ŋalku/ | ngarna /ŋaɻna/ | ngarinya /ŋaɻiɲa/ | daring /daɻiŋ/ | ngarn /ŋaɻn/ |
| Kunywa | ḻuka /ɭuka/ | purrami /purami/ | tjiki- /cɪki/ | nyuna /ɲuna/ | kupa nyaa /kupa ɲaː/ | nyu /ɲu/ | ngarn /ŋaɻn/ |
| Moja | waŋgany /waŋɡaɲ/ | jinta /cinta/ | kutjarra-wangu /kucara waŋu/ | kuyu /kuju/ | kuyu /kuju/ | guma /ɡuma/ | keny /keɲ/ |
| Mbili | märrma' /maːrmaʔ/ | jirrama /ɟiɾama/ | kujarra /kucara/ | wuthada /wut̪aɖa/ | uchir /utʃir/ | bula /bula/ | koodjal /kuɟal/ |
| Habari | Nhämirri nhe? /n̪aːmiri n̪e/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | yumalundi /jumalundi/ | kaya /kaja/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | miyamala /mijamala/ | boordawan /boːɻdawan/ |
| Nzuri | manymak /maɲmak/ | ngurrju /ŋurcu/ | palya /paʎa/ | walykumarra /waʎkumaɻa/ | palya /paʎa/ | walunga /waluŋa/ | kwobidak /kwobidak/ |
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