ግዕዝ

Ge'ez

Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, South, Ethio-Semitic, Northern) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyAfro-Asiatic (Semitic, South, Ethio-Semitic, Northern) SpeakersLiturgical ScriptEthiopic (Ge'ez fidäl, the abugida it gave its name to) CountriesAksumite Empire Official inAksumite Empire (4th-7th c. CE); Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church liturgy Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3gez

Ge'ez (ግዕዝ Gəʿəz) is the South Semitic Ethio-Semitic language of the Aksumite Empire (4th-7th c. CE) of modern Ethiopia and Eritrea — possibly the oldest Christian liturgical language still in regular use. Native L1 transmission ended around the 10th-13th centuries as it was succeeded by the modern Ethio-Semitic languages Tigrinya (ti), Amharic (am), and Tigre (tig), but Ge'ez has continued unbroken as the liturgical language of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Churches and the Ethiopian Catholic Church. The Ge'ez fidäl abugida (the Ethiopic script) gave its name to the modern Ethiopic script family. Major texts include the Bible (translated 4th-7th c.), the Book of Enoch (preserved only in Ge'ez), the Kebra Nagast.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Ge'ez

Water

ማይ

/maːj/

Fire

እሳት

/ʔəsaːt/

Sun

ፀሐይ

/sˤaħaj/

Moon

ወርኅ

/warχ/

Star

ኮከብ

/kokab/

Mother

እም

/ʔəmm/

Father

አብ

/ʔab/

I

አነ

/ʔana/

You

አንተ

/ʔanta/

Name

ስም

/səm/

Eye

ዐይን

/ʕajn/

Hand

እድ

/ʔəd/

Heart

ልብ

/ləbb/

Love

አፍቀረ

/ʔafqara/

Tree

ዕፅ

/ʕasˤ/

House

ቤት

/beːt/

Dog

ከልብ

/kalb/

Cat

ድሙ

/dəmmu/

Eat

በልዐ

/balʕa/

Drink

ሰትየ

/satja/

One

አሐዱ

/ʔaħadu/

Two

ክልኤ

/kəlʔeː/

Hello

ሰላም

/salaːm/

Thank you

ምስጋና

/məsɡaːnaː/

Good

ሠናይ

/sanaːj/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, South, Ethio-Semitic, Northern) languages

Meaning Ge'ezTigreSabaeanUgariticOld AramaicPhoenicianPalestinian Arabic
Water ማይ /maːj/ ማይ /maj/ 𐩣𐩥 /maw/ 𐎎𐎊 /maju/ מין /majin/ 𐤌𐤌 /meːm/ ميّ /majj/
Fire እሳት /ʔəsaːt/ እሳት /ʔəssat/ 𐩱𐩪 /ʔas/ 𐎛𐎌𐎚 /ʔiʃt/ נור /nuːr/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ نار /naːr/
Sun ፀሐይ /sˤaħaj/ ጸሓይ /tsʼəħaj/ 𐩦𐩣𐩪 /ʃams/ 𐎌𐎔𐎌 /ʃapʃ/ שמש /ʃamʃ/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ شمس /ʃams/
Moon ወርኅ /warχ/ ወርሕ /waɾəħ/ 𐩥𐩧𐩭 /warχ/ 𐎊𐎗𐎈 /jaːriχ/ שהר /sahr/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jaræħ/ قمر /ʔamar/
Star ኮከብ /kokab/ ኮከብ /kokəb/ 𐩫𐩨𐩫𐩨 /kabkab/ 𐎋𐎁𐎋𐎁 /kabkabu/ כוכב /kawkab/ 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ نجمة /nidʒme/
Mother እም /ʔəmm/ እሞ /ʔəmmo/ 𐩱𐩣 /ʔumm/ 𐎜𐎎 /ʔumm/ אמ /ʔem/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ إمّ /ʔemm/
Father አብ /ʔab/ አቦ /ʔabbo/ 𐩱𐩨 /ʔab/ 𐎜𐎁 /ʔabu/ אב /ʔab/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔab/ أب /ʔab/
I አነ /ʔana/ አነ /ʔana/ 𐩱𐩬 /ʔana/ 𐎀𐎐𐎋 /ʔanaːku/ אנה /ʔanaː/ 𐤀𐤍𐤊 /ʔanoːkiː/ أنا /ʔana/
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