Tz'unun K'iche'

Uspanteko

Mayan

FamilyMayan Speakers~5K (endangered) ScriptLatin CountriesGuatemala Official inNo (Spanish is the official language of Guatemala; recognized as a national language under the 2003 Ley de Idiomas Nacionales) Vitalitydefinitely endangered ISO 639-3usp

Uspanteko (autonymously Tz'unun K'iche', "the language of Uspantán") is a K'ichean Mayan language of the Cuchumatanes highlands of Guatemala, spoken by around 5,000 people primarily in the Uspantán municipality of El Quiché department. Uspanteko is notable in linguistic typology as one of the few Mayan languages with tone, distinguished by its grammatical tone — most Mayan languages have lost their original Proto-Mayan tonal contrasts, but Uspanteko has innovated a new tonal system that is used for grammatical purposes (specifically, for marking perfective aspect on certain verbs). Linguistically, Uspanteko is part of the K'ichean branch alongside K'iche' (quc), Tz'utujil (tzj), Kaqchikel (cak), and Sakapulteko (skp), but with distinct phonological and lexical features. The Uspanteko community survived the 1980s Guatemalan Civil War genocide and have maintained their language through community isolation in the Cuchumatanes mountain valleys.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Uspanteko

Water

jaʼ

/haʔ/

Fire

qʼaqʼ

/qʼaqʼ/

Sun

qʼiij

/qʼiːh/

Moon

ikʼ

/ikʼ/

Star

ch'umil

/tʃʼumil/

Mother

nan

/nan/

Father

tat

/tat/

I

in

/in/

You

at

/at/

Name

b'ii

/ɓiː/

Eye

wach

/watʃ/

Hand

qʼab

/qʼab/

Heart

kʼuʼx

/kʼuʔʃ/

Love

lóqʼ

/lóqʼ/

Tree

cheʼ

/tʃeʔ/

House

jaa

/haː/

Dog

tzʼiʼ

/tsʼiʔ/

Cat

mis

/mis/

Eat

waʼ

/waʔ/

Drink

ukʼ

/ukʼ/

One

jun

/hun/

Two

quiib'

/kiːɓ/

Hello

saʼbʼal

/saʔbal/

Thank you

maltyox

/maltjoʃ/

Good

utz

/uts/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Mayan languages

Meaning UspantekoKʼicheʼKaqchikelPoqomchi'TojolabalQ'anjob'alIxil
Water jaʼ /haʔ/ jaʼ /xaʔ/ yaʼ /jaʔ/ haʼ /haʔ/ jaʼ /haʔ/ haʼ /haʔ/ /aʔ/
Fire qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ qʼaaq /qʼaːq/ kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ tzaʼ /tsaʔ/
Sun qʼiij /qʼiːh/ qʼij /qʼix/ qʼij /qʼix/ qʼij /qʼih/ kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ kʼuʼ /kʼuʔ/ qʼii /qʼiː/
Moon ikʼ /ikʼ/ ikʼ /ikʼ/ ikʼ /ikʼ/ ik /ik/ ixaw /iʃaw/ ixaw /iʃaw/ ich /itʃ/
Star ch'umil /tʃʼumil/ chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ chʼumiil /tʃʼumiːl/ kʼanal /kʼanal/ txʼumel /tʂʼumel/ chumiil /tʃumiːl/
Mother nan /nan/ nan /nan/ teʼ /teʔ/ tuut /tuːt/ nan /nan/ mim /mim/ naʼ /naʔ/
Father tat /tat/ tat /tat/ tataʼ /tataʔ/ ajaab /ahaːb/ tat /tat/ mam /mam/ baʼ /baʔ/
I in /in/ in /in/ rïn /rɨn/ hin /hin/ keʼn /keʔn/ ayin /ʔajin/ in /in/
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