Tz'unun K'iche'

Uspanteko

Mayan

FamilyMayan Speakers~5K (endangered) ScriptLatin CountriesGuatemala Official inGuatemala Vitalitydefinitely-endangered ISO 639-3usp

Uspanteko (autonymously Tz'unun K'iche', "the language of Uspantán") is a K'ichean Mayan language of the Cuchumatanes highlands of Guatemala, spoken by around 5,000 people primarily in the Uspantán municipality of El Quiché department. Uspanteko is famous in linguistic typology for being the only Mayan language with grammatical tone — most Mayan languages have lost their original Proto-Mayan tonal contrasts, but Uspanteko has innovated a new tonal system that is used for grammatical purposes (specifically, for marking perfective aspect on certain verbs). Linguistically, Uspanteko is part of the K'ichean branch alongside K'iche' (quc), Tz'utujil (tzj), Kaqchikel (cak), and Sakapulteko (skp), but with distinct phonological and lexical features. The Uspanteko community survived the 1980s Guatemalan Civil War genocide and have maintained their language through community isolation in the Cuchumatanes mountain valleys.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Uspanteko

Water

jaʼ

/haʔ/

Fire

qʼaqʼ

/qʼaqʼ/

Sun

qʼiij

/qʼiːh/

Moon

ikʼ

/ikʼ/

Mother

nan

/nan/

Father

tat

/tat/

Eat

waʼ

/waʔ/

Drink

ukʼ

/ukʼ/

Love

lóqʼ

/lóqʼ/

Heart

kʼuʼx

/kʼuʔʃ/

Tree

cheʼ

/tʃeʔ/

House

jaa

/haː/

Dog

tzʼiʼ

/tsʼiʔ/

Cat

mis

/mis/

Hand

qʼab

/qʼab/

Eye

wach

/watʃ/

Hello

saʼbʼal

/saʔbal/

Thank you

maltyox

/maltjoʃ/

One

jun

/hun/

Good

utz

/uts/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Mayan languages

Meaning UspantekoKʼicheʼKaqchikelTojolabalItzá MayaClassical MayaPoqomchi'
Water jaʼ /haʔ/ jaʼ /xaʔ/ yaʼ /jaʔ/ jaʼ /haʔ/ jaʼ /haʔ/ haʼ /haʔ/ haʼ /haʔ/
Fire qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ kʼahkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ qʼaaq /qʼaːq/
Sun qʼiij /qʼiːh/ qʼij /qʼix/ qʼij /qʼix/ kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ kʼin /kʼin/ kʼin /kʼin/ qʼij /qʼih/
Moon ikʼ /ikʼ/ ikʼ /ikʼ/ ikʼ /ikʼ/ ixaw /iʃaw/ uj /uh/ uh /uh/ ik /ik/
Mother nan /nan/ nan /nan/ teʼ /teʔ/ nan /nan/ naʼ /naʔ/ naʼ /naʔ/ tuut /tuːt/
Father tat /tat/ tat /tat/ tataʼ /tataʔ/ tat /tat/ tat /tat/ yuum /juːm/ ajaab /ahaːb/
Eat waʼ /waʔ/ tijow /tixow/ waʼin /waʔin/ waʼel /waʔel/ jant /hant/ wiʼij /wiʔiχ/ wai /wai/
Drink ukʼ /ukʼ/ ukʼaaj /ukʼaːh/ kumun /kumun/ ukʼ /ukʼ/ ukʼ /ukʼ/ ukʼ /ukʼ/ uuk /uːk/
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