Табасаран чӀал

Tabasaran

NE Caucasian (Lezgic)

FamilyNE Caucasian (Lezgic) Speakers~125K ScriptCyrillic CountriesRussia (Daghestan) Official inRepublic of Daghestan Vitalitysafe ISO 639-3tab

Tabasaran (табасаран чӀал) is a Lezgic Northeast Caucasian language spoken in southern Daghestan, Russia, with ~130K speakers in the Tabasaransky and Khivsky districts. It is famous in linguistic literature for its enormous case inventory — 19th-c. and Soviet-era descriptions cited up to 46-48 cases (locative cases combining 8 directional × 6 spatial values), making it a classic textbook example of agglutinative case stacking and once cited in the Guinness Book of World Records for the largest case system, though modern analyses by Alekseev and Kibrik typically recognize a smaller core inventory of ~14 cases plus regular spatial postpositions. Has 4 noun classes, polypersonal verb agreement (subject + indirect object), and a rich consonant system with ejectives and pharyngealized consonants. Co-official in Daghestan since 1928. Both Tabasaran-language newspapers and a literary tradition continue today.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Tabasaran

Water

штар

/ʃtar/

Fire

цӏа

/tsʼa/

Sun

рагъ

/raʁ/

Moon

варз

/varz/

Star

хяд

/xæd/

Mother

баб

/bab/

Father

дад

/dad/

I

узу

/uzu/

You

уву

/uvu/

Name

тӀвар

/tʼʷar/

Eye

ул

/ul/

Hand

хил

/xil/

Heart

юкӏ

/jukʼ/

Love

ккунивал

/kːunival/

Tree

гар

/ɡar/

House

хал

/xal/

Dog

хю

/xy/

Cat

кет

/ket/

Eat

ипӏуб

/ipʼub/

Drink

ужуб

/uʒub/

One

саб

/sab/

Two

кьюб

/qʼyb/

Hello

салам

/salam/

Thank you

чухсагъул

/tʃuxsaʁul/

Good

ужу

/uʒu/

Cuckoo

кукум

/kːukːum/

Computer

компьютер

/kɐmˈpjuter/

Words compared

Compared with related NE Caucasian (Lezgic) languages

Meaning TabasaranAghulLezgianBudukhRutulTsakhurKryts
Water штар /ʃtar/ хьед /ħed/ яд /jad/ хьед /ħed/ хьед /ħed/ хьад /ħad/ xed /xed/
Fire цӏа /tsʼa/ цӏай /tsʼaj/ цӏай /tsʼaj/ цӏай /tsʼaj/ цӏай /tsʼaj/ цӏай /tsʼaj/ ts'a /tsʼa/
Sun рагъ /raʁ/ рагъ /raʁ/ рагъ /raʁ/ рагъ /raʁ/ варагъ /waraʁ/ верг /verɡ/ vïrïğ /vɨrɨʁ/
Moon варз /varz/ ваз /vaz/ варз /varz/ ваз /vaz/ ваз /waz/ ваз /vaz/ vats /vats/
Star хяд /xæd/ гъед /ʁed/ гъед /ʁed/ хед /χed/ хед /χed/ хане /χanɛ/ xed /xed/
Mother баб /bab/ баб /bab/ диде /dide/ баб /bab/ нин /nin/ йед /jed/ dada /dada/
Father дад /dad/ ада /ada/ буба /buba/ дада /dada/ дид /did/ дакӏ /dakʼ/ buba /buba/
I узу /uzu/ зун /zun/ зун /zun/ зы /zɨ/ зы /zɨ/ зы /zɨ/ zin /zin/
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