Табасаран чӀал

Tabasaran

NE Caucasian (Lezgic)

FamilyNE Caucasian (Lezgic) Speakers~125K ScriptCyrillic CountriesRussia (Daghestan) Official inRepublic of Daghestan Vitalitysafe ISO 639-3tab

Tabasaran (табасаран чӀал) is a Lezgic Northeast Caucasian language spoken in southern Daghestan, Russia, with ~130K speakers in the Tabasaransky and Khivsky districts. It is famous in linguistic literature for its enormous case inventory — 19th-c. and Soviet-era descriptions cited up to 46-48 cases (locative cases combining 8 directional × 6 spatial values), making it a classic textbook example of agglutinative case stacking and once cited in the Guinness Book of World Records for the largest case system, though modern analyses by Alekseev and Kibrik typically recognize a smaller core inventory of ~14 cases plus regular spatial postpositions. Has 4 noun classes, polypersonal verb agreement (subject + indirect object), and a rich consonant system with ejectives and pharyngealized consonants. Co-official in Daghestan since 1928. Both Tabasaran-language newspapers and a literary tradition continue today.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Tabasaran

Water

штар

/ʃtar/

Fire

цӏа

/tsʼa/

Sun

рагъ

/raʁ/

Moon

варз

/varz/

Mother

бай

/baj/

Father

дад

/dad/

Eat

ипӏуб

/ipʼub/

Drink

ужуб

/uʒub/

Love

ккунивал

/kːunival/

Heart

юкӏ

/jukʼ/

Tree

гар

/ɡar/

House

хал

/xal/

Dog

хю

/xy/

Cat

кет

/ket/

Hand

хил

/xil/

Eye

ул

/ul/

Hello

салам

/salam/

Thank you

чухсагъул

/tʃuxsaʁul/

One

саб

/sab/

Good

ужу

/uʒu/

Words compared

Compared with related NE Caucasian (Lezgic) languages

Meaning TabasaranAghulLezgianBudukhTsakhurRutulDargwa
Water штар /ʃtar/ хьед /ħed/ яд /jad/ хьед /ħed/ хьад /ħad/ хьед /ħed/ шин /ʃin/
Fire цӏа /tsʼa/ цӏай /tsʼaj/ цӏай /tsʼaj/ цӏай /tsʼaj/ цӏай /tsʼaj/ цӏай /tsʼaj/ цӏа /tsʼa/
Sun рагъ /raʁ/ рагъ /raʁ/ рагъ /raʁ/ рагъ /raʁ/ верг /verɡ/ варагъ /waraʁ/ берхӏи /beɾħi/
Moon варз /varz/ ваз /vaz/ варз /varz/ ваз /vaz/ ваз /vaz/ ваз /waz/ баз /baz/
Mother бай /baj/ баб /bab/ диде /dide/ баб /bab/ йед /jed/ нин /nin/ нес /nes/
Father дад /dad/ ада /ada/ буба /buba/ дада /dada/ дакӏ /dakʼ/ дид /did/ атта /atːa/
Eat ипӏуб /ipʼub/ ифи /ifi/ тӏуьн /tʼyn/ ухьун /uħun/ аӏкӏвыс /aʕkʷʼəs/ ухьун /uħun/ букӏан /bukʼan/
Drink ужуб /uʒub/ ахъан /aqʼan/ хъун /qun/ эджи /edʒi/ ийыхьес /iijəħes/ эджин /edʒin/ даркьес /daɾqʼes/
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