上代日本語

Old Japanese

Japonic · historical / hidden variety

FamilyJaponic SpeakersExtinct (~600-794 CE) ScriptMan'yōgana (Chinese characters used phonetically) CountriesAncient Japan (Asuka and Nara periods) Official inYamato court Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3ojp

Old Japanese (上代日本語, c. 600-794 CE) is the earliest attested form of Japanese, recorded in the 7th-8th centuries via Man'yōgana (Chinese characters used phonetically) in the Kojiki (712), Nihon Shoki (720), and Man'yōshū (~759). Distinguished by an eight-vowel system (the jōdai tokushu kanazukai distinction between two i, e, o vowels) collapsed in Early Middle Japanese, /p/ where Modern Japanese has /h/, and absence of voiced obstruent contrasts. Subject to extensive philological reconstruction since Motoori Norinaga (18th c.).

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Old Japanese

Water

/midu/

Fire

/pə/

Sun

/pi/

Moon

/tukï/

Mother

/papa/

Father

/titi/

Eat

多夫

/tabu/

Drink

能牟

/nəmu/

Love

加奈志

/kanasi/

Heart

/kəkərə/

Tree

/kə/

House

/ipey/

Dog

/inu/

Cat

/—/

Hand

/ta/

Eye

/ma/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/—/

One

比登都

/pitətu/

Good

与之

/jo₁si/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Japonic languages

Meaning Old JapaneseJapanese (Heian period)Middle JapaneseProto-RyukyuanJapanese Kanbun ReadingJapaneseLuwian
Water /midu/ /midu/ /midu/ *midu /midu/ /mizɯ/ /mizɯ/ 𔓷𔗬𔖻𔑯 /wadar/
Fire /pə/ /ɸi/ /ɸi/ *pii /piː/ /hi/ /hi/ 𔑭𔖖𔖖𔗬 /paːhːur/
Sun /pi/ /ɸi/ /ɸi/ *teda /teda/ /hi/ /hi/ 𔖻𔗬𔑯 /tiwad/
Moon /tukï/ /tukï/ /tuki/ *tuki /tuki/ /t͡sɯki/ /t͡sɯki/ 𔓯𔗬 /arma/
Mother /papa/ /ɸaɸa/ /ɸaɸa/ *amma /amma/ /haha/ /haha/ 𔑯𔑯 /anna/
Father /titi/ /titi/ /titi/ *aja /aja/ /tɕitɕi/ /t͡ɕit͡ɕi/ 𔑯𔑯𔗬 /tati/
Eat 多夫 /tabu/ 食ふ /kaɸu/ 食ふ /kuɸu/ *kam- /kam/ 食らふ /kuɾau/ 食べる /tabeɾɯ/ 𔑯𔗬 /ad/
Drink 能牟 /nəmu/ 飲む /nomu/ 飲む /nomu/ *num- /num/ 飲む /nomɯ/ 飲む /nomɯ/ 𔑯𔓷 /aku/
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