上代日本語

Old Japanese

Japonic · historical / hidden variety

FamilyJaponic SpeakersExtinct (~600-794 CE) ScriptMan'yōgana (Chinese characters used phonetically) CountriesAncient Japan (Asuka and Nara periods) Official inYamato court Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3ojp

Old Japanese (上代日本語, c. 600-794 CE) is the earliest attested form of Japanese, recorded in the 7th-8th centuries via Man'yōgana (Chinese characters used phonetically) in the Kojiki (712), Nihon Shoki (720), and Man'yōshū (~759). Distinguished by an eight-vowel system (the jōdai tokushu kanazukai distinction between two i, e, o vowels) collapsed in Early Middle Japanese, /p/ where Modern Japanese has /h/, and absence of voiced obstruent contrasts. Subject to extensive philological reconstruction since Motoori Norinaga (18th c.).

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Old Japanese

Water

/midu/

Fire

/pi/

Sun

/pi/

Moon

/tukï/

Star

/posi/

Mother

/papa/

Father

/titi/

I

/wa/

You

/na/

Name

/na/

Eye

/ma/

Hand

/te/

Heart

/kəkərə/

Love

加奈志

/kanasi/

Tree

/kə/

House

/ipey/

Dog

/inu/

Cat

/—/

Eat

多夫

/tabu/

Drink

能牟

/nəmu/

One

比登都

/pitətu/

Two

/puta/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/—/

Good

与之

/jo₁si/

Cuckoo

ほととぎす

/pototoɡisu/

Computer

算木

/saŋɡi/

Sushi

/susi/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Japonic languages

Meaning Old JapaneseProto-JaponicJapanese (Heian period)Proto-RyukyuanMiddle JapaneseJapanese Kanbun ReadingJapanese (Aomori)
Water /midu/ *midu /midu/ /midu/ *midu /midu/ /midu/ /mizɯ/ /mizɯ/
Fire /pi/ *poy /poy/ /ɸi/ *pii /piː/ /ɸi/ /hi/ /hi/
Sun /pi/ *pi /pi/ /ɸi/ *teda /teda/ /ɸi/ /hi/ /hi/
Moon /tukï/ *tukuy /tukuy/ /tukï/ *tuki /tuki/ /tuki/ /tsɯki/ /tsɯki/
Star /posi/ *pəsi /pəsi/ /ɸosi/ *posi /posi/ /ɸoɕi/ /hoɕi/ /hoɕi/
Mother /papa/ *papa /papa/ /ɸaɸa/ *amma /amma/ /ɸaɸa/ /haha/ かっちゃ /kattɕa/
Father /titi/ *titi /titi/ /titi/ *aja /aja/ /titi/ /tɕitɕi/ とっちゃ /tottɕa/
I /wa/ *wa /wa/ /waɾe/ *wa /wa/ /waɾe/ /ware/ /wa/
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