Proto-Ryukyuan

Japonic (Ryukyuan) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyJaponic (Ryukyuan) SpeakersReconstructed proto-language (no speakers; split from Japonic ~7–8c. CE) ScriptN/A (reconstructed in IPA-like notation) CountriesHypothetical homeland: Amami archipelago / Okinawa Islands Official inN/A (unattested) Vitalityextinct

Proto-Ryukyuan (PR) is the reconstructed common ancestor of all Ryukyuan languages (Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni). Pellard (2015) puts the split from mainland Japonic no later than the 10th century — published estimates run from 500 to 996 CE — and dates the settlement of the islands to the Proto-Gusuku period, the 10th to 12th centuries. Distinctive Ryukyuan innovations include *teda "sun" (vs Japonic *pi), *kimu "heart/liver" (vs Japonic *kokoro), *maja "cat" (vs Japonic *neko) — visible in modern Okinawan/Miyako/Yaeyama. Reconstruction follows the comparative method on the 4 Ryukyuan branches.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Proto-Ryukyuan

Water

*midu

/midu/

Fire

*pii

/piː/

Sun

*teda

/teda/

Moon

*tuki

/tuki/

Star

*posi

/posi/

Mother

*amma

/amma/

Father

*aja

/aja/

I

*wa

/wa/

You

*ura

/ura/

Name

*na

/na/

Eye

*mii

/miː/

Hand

*tii

/tiː/

Heart

*kimu

/kimu/

Love

/—/

Tree

*kii

/kiː/

House

*yaa

/jaː/

Dog

*in

/in/

Cat

*maja

/maja/

Eat

*kam-

/kam/

Drink

*num-

/num/

One

*pitu

/pitu/

Two

*puta

/puta/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/—/

Good

*masi

/maɕi/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Japonic (Ryukyuan) languages

Meaning Proto-RyukyuanProto-JaponicMiyakoYaeyamaOld JapaneseOkinawanJapanese (Heian period)
Water *midu /midu/ *midu /midu/ /midzɨ/ /midzɨ/ /midu/ /midʑi/ /midu/
Fire *pii /piː/ *poy /poy/ /pɨː/ /pɨː/ /pi/ ふぃー /ɸiː/ /ɸi/
Sun *teda /teda/ *pi /pi/ てぃだ /tida/ てぃだ /tida/ /pi/ てぃーだ /tiːda/ /ɸi/
Moon *tuki /tuki/ *tukuy /tukuy/ /tsɨkɨ/ /tsɨkɨ/ /tukï/ /tɕitɕi/ /tukï/
Star *posi /posi/ *pəsi /pəsi/ ぷすぃ /pusɿ/ ぷし /puɕi/ /posi/ ふし /ɸuɕi/ /ɸosi/
Mother *amma /amma/ *papa /papa/ あんな /anna/ あっぱ /appa/ /papa/ あんまー /ʔammaː/ /ɸaɸa/
Father *aja /aja/ *titi /titi/ うや /uja/ あっちゃ /attʃa/ /titi/ すー /suː/ /titi/
I *wa /wa/ *wa /wa/ ばん /baɴ/ ばぬ /banu/ /wa/ わん /waɴ/ /waɾe/
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