לשון חכמים

Mishnaic Hebrew

Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Central, Northwest, Canaanite, Hebrew) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyAfro-Asiatic (Semitic, Central, Northwest, Canaanite, Hebrew) SpeakersHistorical literary form (~70-200 CE); active religious/scholarly use ScriptHebrew (square script) CountriesRoman/Byzantine Palestine (Yavne, Galilee); Jewish religious tradition worldwide Official inTalmudic-rabbinic Judaism (Mishnaic curriculum) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3hbo

Mishnaic Hebrew (לשון חכמים leshon ḥakhamim, "language of the sages", ~70-200 CE) is the post-Biblical Hebrew of the Mishnah (compiled c. 200 CE by Judah ha-Nasi), the Tosefta, early Midrashim, and the Hebrew portions of the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds. Distinct from Biblical Hebrew (hbo) by: heavy Aramaic and Greek loanwords (אילן ʔilan "tree", חתול ḥatul "cat", and many legal/agricultural terms), loss of waw-consecutive narrative tenses, fixed word order shifting toward SVO, expanded participial system as default present tense, and rabbinic technical vocabulary. Survived as a written/scholarly language after extinction as vernacular ~200 CE; remains the form of Hebrew taught in yeshivot for studying Talmud and Mishnah. Distinct from both Biblical Hebrew (hbo) and Modern Israeli Hebrew (he), though Modern Hebrew's revival drew on both registers.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Mishnaic Hebrew

Water

מים

/majim/

Fire

אש

/ʔeʃ/

Sun

חמה

/ħamːa/

Moon

לבנה

/levɑnɑ/

Star

כּוֹכָב

/koˈxav/

Mother

אם

/ʔem/

Father

אב

/ʔɑv/

I

אֲנִי

/ʔaˈni/

You

אַתָּה

/ʔaˈta/

Name

שֵׁם

/ʃem/

Eye

עין

/ʕajin/

Hand

יד

/jɑd/

Heart

לב

/lev/

Love

אהבה

/ʔɑhɑvɑ/

Tree

אילן

/ʔilɑn/

House

בית

/bajit/

Dog

כלב

/kelev/

Cat

חתול

/ħɑtul/

Eat

אוכל

/ʔoχel/

Drink

שותה

/ʃote/

One

אחד

/ʔeħɑd/

Two

שְׁנַיִם

/ʃəˈnajim/

Hello

שלום

/ʃɑlom/

Thank you

תודה

/todɑ/

Good

טוב

/tov/

Sushi

טָרִית

/tˤaːˈrit/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Central, Northwest, Canaanite, Hebrew) languages

Meaning Mishnaic HebrewHebrewPunicBiblical HebrewPhoenicianOld AramaicSabaean
Water מים /majim/ מים /majim/ 𐤌𐤉𐤌 /majim/ מים /majim/ 𐤌𐤌 /meːm/ מין /majin/ 𐩣𐩥 /maw/
Fire אש /ʔeʃ/ אש /eʃ/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ אש /ʔeʃ/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ נור /nuːr/ 𐩱𐩪 /ʔas/
Sun חמה /ħamːa/ שמש /ʃemeʃ/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ שמש /ʃemeʃ/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ שמש /ʃamʃ/ 𐩦𐩣𐩪 /ʃams/
Moon לבנה /levɑnɑ/ ירח /jaˈʁeaχ/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jeraħ/ ירח /jɔːreːaħ/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jaræħ/ שהר /sahr/ 𐩥𐩧𐩭 /warχ/
Star כּוֹכָב /koˈxav/ כוכב /koˈxav/ 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ כּוֹכָב /koːˈxaːv/ 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ כוכב /kawkab/ 𐩫𐩨𐩫𐩨 /kabkab/
Mother אם /ʔem/ אמא /ima/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ אם /ʔeːm/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ אמ /ʔem/ 𐩱𐩣 /ʔumm/
Father אב /ʔɑv/ אבא /aba/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔav/ אב /ʔɔːv/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔab/ אב /ʔab/ 𐩱𐩨 /ʔab/
I אֲנִי /ʔaˈni/ אני /aˈni/ 𐤀𐤍𐤊 /ʔanoːk/ אֲנִי /ʔaˈniː/ 𐤀𐤍𐤊 /ʔanoːkiː/ אנה /ʔanaː/ 𐩱𐩬 /ʔana/
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