לשון חכמים

Mishnaic Hebrew

Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Central, Northwest, Canaanite, Hebrew) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyAfro-Asiatic (Semitic, Central, Northwest, Canaanite, Hebrew) SpeakersHistorical literary form (~70-200 CE); active religious/scholarly use ScriptHebrew (square script) CountriesRoman/Byzantine Palestine (Yavne, Galilee); Jewish religious tradition worldwide Official inTalmudic-rabbinic Judaism (Mishnaic curriculum) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3hbo

Mishnaic Hebrew (לשון חכמים leshon ḥakhamim, "language of the sages", ~70-200 CE) is the post-Biblical Hebrew of the Mishnah (compiled c. 200 CE by Judah ha-Nasi), the Tosefta, early Midrashim, and the Hebrew portions of the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds. Distinct from Biblical Hebrew (hbo) by: heavy Aramaic and Greek loanwords (אילן ʔilan "tree", חתול ḥatul "cat", and many legal/agricultural terms), loss of waw-consecutive narrative tenses, fixed word order shifting toward SVO, expanded participial system as default present tense, and rabbinic technical vocabulary. Survived as a written/scholarly language after extinction as vernacular ~200 CE; remains the form of Hebrew taught in yeshivot for studying Talmud and Mishnah. Distinct from both Biblical Hebrew (hbo) and Modern Israeli Hebrew (he), though Modern Hebrew's revival drew on both registers.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Mishnaic Hebrew

Water

מים

/majim/

Fire

אש

/ʔeʃ/

Sun

חמה

/ħamːa/

Moon

לבנה

/levɑnɑ/

Mother

אם

/ʔem/

Father

אב

/ʔɑv/

Eat

אוכל

/ʔoχel/

Drink

שותה

/ʃote/

Love

אהבה

/ʔɑhɑvɑ/

Heart

לב

/lev/

Tree

אילן

/ʔilɑn/

House

בית

/bajit/

Dog

כלב

/kelev/

Cat

חתול

/ħɑtul/

Hand

יד

/jɑd/

Eye

עין

/ʕajin/

Hello

שלום

/ʃɑlom/

Thank you

תודה

/todɑ/

One

אחד

/ʔeħɑd/

Good

טוב

/tov/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Central, Northwest, Canaanite, Hebrew) languages

Meaning Mishnaic HebrewPunicPhoenicianHebrewBiblical HebrewOld AramaicSabaean
Water מים /majim/ 𐤌𐤉𐤌 /majim/ 𐤌𐤌 /majim/ מים /majim/ מים /majim/ מין /majin/ 𐩣𐩺 /maːʔ/
Fire אש /ʔeʃ/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ אש /eʃ/ אש /ʔeʃ/ אש /ʔɛʃ/ 𐩱𐩪 /ʔas/
Sun חמה /ħamːa/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ שמש /ʃemeʃ/ שמש /ʃemeʃ/ שמש /ʃamʃ/ 𐩦𐩣𐩪 /ʃams/
Moon לבנה /levɑnɑ/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jeraħ/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jaræħ/ ירח /jaˈʁeaχ/ ירח /jɔːreːaħ/ שהר /sahr/ 𐩥𐩧𐩭 /warkʰ/
Mother אם /ʔem/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ אמא /ima/ אם /ʔeːm/ אמ /ʔem/ 𐩱𐩣 /ʔumm/
Father אב /ʔɑv/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔav/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔab/ אבא /aba/ אב /ʔɔːv/ אב /ʔab/ 𐩱𐩨 /ʔab/
Eat אוכל /ʔoχel/ 𐤀𐤊𐤋 /ʔakal/ 𐤀𐤊𐤋 /ʔakal/ לאכול /leχol/ אכל /ʔɔːxal/ אכל /ʔakal/ 𐩱𐩫𐩡 /ʔakal/
Drink שותה /ʃote/ 𐤔𐤕 /ʃat/ 𐤔𐤕 /ʃat/ לשתות /liʃtot/ שתה /ʃɔːθɔː/ שתה /ʃataː/ 𐩪𐩩𐩺 /ʃataja/
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