עברית מקראית

Biblical Hebrew

Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Northwest, Canaanite) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyAfro-Asiatic (Semitic, Northwest, Canaanite) SpeakersLiturgical (revived as Modern Hebrew in 19th c.) ScriptPaleo-Hebrew (early); Hebrew square script (post-exilic, derived from Aramaic) CountriesAncient Israel/Judah (Levant) Official inAncient Israelite kingdoms; Jewish liturgy Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3hbo

Biblical Hebrew is the form of Hebrew used in the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), c. 1200-200 BCE, and the language of ancient Israelite kingdoms. The corpus stretches from Archaic Biblical Hebrew (Song of Deborah, Judges 5) through Standard Biblical Hebrew (most prose narrative, the Pentateuch and Deuteronomistic History) to Late Biblical Hebrew (Chronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah, with Aramaic influence). It has 7 vowel phonemes (with phonemic length distinctions in older stages), pharyngeals (ʕ ḥ), ejectives or emphatics (ṭ ṣ q), and a verb system based on root-and-pattern morphology (qal, niphal, piel, hiphil etc.). Modern Hebrew was revived from Biblical Hebrew in the 19th century by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Biblical Hebrew

Water

מים

/majim/

Fire

אש

/ʔeʃ/

Sun

שמש

/ʃemeʃ/

Moon

ירח

/jɔːreːaħ/

Mother

אם

/ʔeːm/

Father

אב

/ʔɔːv/

Eat

אכל

/ʔɔːxal/

Drink

שתה

/ʃɔːθɔː/

Love

אהב

/ʔɔːhav/

Heart

לב

/leːv/

Tree

עץ

/ʕeːsˤ/

House

בית

/bajiθ/

Dog

כלב

/kelev/

Cat

/—/

Hand

יד

/jɔːð/

Eye

עין

/ʕajin/

Hello

שלום

/ʃɔːloːm/

Thank you

תודה

/toːðɔː/

One

אחד

/ʔeħɔːð/

Good

טוב

/tˤoːv/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Northwest, Canaanite) languages

Meaning Biblical HebrewPunicPhoenicianMishnaic HebrewOld AramaicUgariticHebrew
Water מים /majim/ 𐤌𐤉𐤌 /majim/ 𐤌𐤌 /majim/ מים /majim/ מין /majin/ 𐎎𐎊 /maju/ מים /majim/
Fire אש /ʔeʃ/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ אש /ʔeʃ/ אש /ʔɛʃ/ 𐎛𐎌𐎚 /ʔiʃt/ אש /eʃ/
Sun שמש /ʃemeʃ/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ חמה /ħamːa/ שמש /ʃamʃ/ 𐎌𐎔𐎌 /ʃapʃ/ שמש /ʃemeʃ/
Moon ירח /jɔːreːaħ/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jeraħ/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jaræħ/ לבנה /levɑnɑ/ שהר /sahr/ 𐎊𐎗𐎈 /jaːriχ/ ירח /jaˈʁeaχ/
Mother אם /ʔeːm/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ אם /ʔem/ אמ /ʔem/ 𐎜𐎎 /ʔumm/ אמא /ima/
Father אב /ʔɔːv/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔav/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔab/ אב /ʔɑv/ אב /ʔab/ 𐎜𐎁 /ʔabu/ אבא /aba/
Eat אכל /ʔɔːxal/ 𐤀𐤊𐤋 /ʔakal/ 𐤀𐤊𐤋 /ʔakal/ אוכל /ʔoχel/ אכל /ʔakal/ 𐎍𐎈𐎎 /laħam/ לאכול /leχol/
Drink שתה /ʃɔːθɔː/ 𐤔𐤕 /ʃat/ 𐤔𐤕 /ʃat/ שותה /ʃote/ שתה /ʃataː/ 𐎌𐎚𐎊 /ʃataju/ לשתות /liʃtot/
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