עברית מקראית

Biblical Hebrew

Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Northwest, Canaanite) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyAfro-Asiatic (Semitic, Northwest, Canaanite) SpeakersLiturgical (revived as Modern Hebrew in 19th c.) ScriptPaleo-Hebrew (early); Hebrew square script (post-exilic, derived from Aramaic) CountriesAncient Israel/Judah (Levant) Official inAncient Israelite kingdoms; Jewish liturgy Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3hbo

Biblical Hebrew is the form of Hebrew used in the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), c. 1200-200 BCE, and the language of ancient Israelite kingdoms. The corpus stretches from Archaic Biblical Hebrew (Song of Deborah, Judges 5) through Standard Biblical Hebrew (most prose narrative, the Pentateuch and Deuteronomistic History) to Late Biblical Hebrew (Chronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah, with Aramaic influence). It has 7 vowel phonemes (with phonemic length distinctions in older stages), pharyngeals (ʕ ḥ), ejectives or emphatics (ṭ ṣ q), and a verb system based on root-and-pattern morphology (qal, niphal, piel, hiphil etc.). Modern Hebrew was revived from Biblical Hebrew in the 19th century by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Biblical Hebrew

Water

מים

/majim/

Fire

אש

/ʔeʃ/

Sun

שמש

/ʃemeʃ/

Moon

ירח

/jɔːreːaħ/

Star

כּוֹכָב

/koːˈxaːv/

Mother

אם

/ʔeːm/

Father

אב

/ʔɔːv/

I

אֲנִי

/ʔaˈniː/

You

אַתָּה

/ʔatˈtaː/

Name

שֵׁם

/ʃeːm/

Eye

עין

/ʕajin/

Hand

יד

/jɔːð/

Heart

לב

/leːv/

Love

אהב

/ʔɔːhav/

Tree

עץ

/ʕeːsˤ/

House

בית

/bajiθ/

Dog

כלב

/kelev/

Cat

/—/

Eat

אכל

/ʔɔːxal/

Drink

שתה

/ʃɔːθɔː/

One

אחד

/ʔeħɔːð/

Two

שְׁנַיִם

/ʃəˈnajim/

Hello

שלום

/ʃɔːloːm/

Thank you

תודה

/toːðɔː/

Good

טוב

/tˤoːv/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Northwest, Canaanite) languages

Meaning Biblical HebrewPunicMishnaic HebrewPhoenicianOld AramaicHebrewUgaritic
Water מים /majim/ 𐤌𐤉𐤌 /majim/ מים /majim/ 𐤌𐤌 /meːm/ מין /majin/ מים /majim/ 𐎎𐎊 /maju/
Fire אש /ʔeʃ/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ אש /ʔeʃ/ 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ נור /nuːr/ אש /eʃ/ 𐎛𐎌𐎚 /ʔiʃt/
Sun שמש /ʃemeʃ/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ חמה /ħamːa/ 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ שמש /ʃamʃ/ שמש /ʃemeʃ/ 𐎌𐎔𐎌 /ʃapʃ/
Moon ירח /jɔːreːaħ/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jeraħ/ לבנה /levɑnɑ/ 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jaræħ/ שהר /sahr/ ירח /jaˈʁeaχ/ 𐎊𐎗𐎈 /jaːriχ/
Star כּוֹכָב /koːˈxaːv/ 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ כּוֹכָב /koˈxav/ 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ כוכב /kawkab/ כוכב /koˈxav/ 𐎋𐎁𐎋𐎁 /kabkabu/
Mother אם /ʔeːm/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ אם /ʔem/ 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ אמ /ʔem/ אמא /ima/ 𐎜𐎎 /ʔumm/
Father אב /ʔɔːv/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔav/ אב /ʔɑv/ 𐤀𐤁 /ʔab/ אב /ʔab/ אבא /aba/ 𐎜𐎁 /ʔabu/
I אֲנִי /ʔaˈniː/ 𐤀𐤍𐤊 /ʔanoːk/ אֲנִי /ʔaˈni/ 𐤀𐤍𐤊 /ʔanoːkiː/ אנה /ʔanaː/ אני /aˈni/ 𐎀𐎐𐎋 /ʔanaːku/
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