Gēy Sinan

Harari

Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)

FamilyAfro-Asiatic (Semitic) Speakers~26–27K L1 ScriptGe'ez (Ethiopic) script (official orthography since 1999); Latin roman Official inNot an official language; regional/minority language status in Harari Region, Ethiopia. UNESCO endangered language classification.

Harari (Gēy Sinan, “language of the city”) is an Ethiosemitic language spoken by about 26,000 people, historically centered in the walled city of Harar and now also used by communities elsewhere in Ethiopia and abroad. It belongs to the South Ethiosemitic group and has been strongly shaped by long contact with Oromo, Somali, Arabic, and Amharic. Harari has a substantial Islamic literary tradition: Old Harari texts were written in an adapted Arabic script. The Harari regional government adopted an Ethiopic-based orthography in 1999, which is now used in education and publications, while Latin romanization appears in scholarship. Glottolog currently assesses Harari as not endangered, though its relatively small speaker population makes continued transmission important.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Harari

Water

miy

/miːj/

Fire

isat

/isɑt/

Sun

ir

/iːr/

Moon

wahri

/wɑhri/

Star

kokäb

/kokəb/

Mother

wallidda

/wɑlːidːɑ/

Father

aw

/ɑw/

I

ān

/aːn/

You

akhākh

/aχaːχ/

Name

sum

/sum/

Eye

ʿäyin

/ʕæjin/

Hand

händ

/hənd/

Heart

libbi

/libːi/

Love

ḥabb

/ħɑbː/

Tree

šäjar

/ʃəʒɑr/

House

gár

/gɑːr/

Dog

buchi

/butʃi/

Cat

aduru

/ɑduːru/

Eat

mäbla

/məblɑ/

Drink

šatäya

/ʃɑtəjɑ/

One

aḥad

/ɑħɑd/

Two

koʔot

/koʔot/

Hello

salam

/sɑlɑm/

Thank you

šukran

/ʃuːkrɑn/

Good

xaww

/χɑwː/

Words compared

Compared with related Afro-Asiatic (Semitic) languages

Meaning HarariGulf ArabicTigreArabic (Yemeni)Ge'ezLibyan ArabicMishnaic Hebrew
Water miy /miːj/ ماء /maːʔ/ ማይ /maj/ ماء /mɑːʔ/ ማይ /maːj/ مية /majja/ מים /majim/
Fire isat /isɑt/ نار /naːr/ እሳት /ʔəssat/ نار /naːr/ እሳት /ʔəsaːt/ نار /naːr/ אש /ʔeʃ/
Sun ir /iːr/ شمس /ʃɑms/ ጸሓይ /tsʼəħaj/ شمس /ʃɑms/ ፀሐይ /sˤaħaj/ شمس /ʃəmːɛs/ חמה /ħamːa/
Moon wahri /wɑhri/ قمر /gɑmɑr/ ወርሕ /waɾəħ/ قمر /ɡɑmɑr/ ወርኅ /warχ/ قمر /ɡəmɛr/ לבנה /levɑnɑ/
Star kokäb /kokəb/ نجمة /nɪjma/ ኮከብ /kokəb/ نجمة /ˈnadʒmah/ ኮከብ /kokab/ نجمة /nədʒma/ כּוֹכָב /koˈxav/
Mother wallidda /wɑlːidːɑ/ أم /ʔoːm/ እሞ /ʔəmmo/ أم /ʔɪmm/ እም /ʔəmm/ أم /ʔɛmm/ אם /ʔem/
Father aw /ɑw/ أب /ʔɑb/ አቦ /ʔabbo/ أب /ʔɑb/ አብ /ʔab/ أب /ʔab/ אב /ʔɑv/
I ān /aːn/ أنا /aːna/ አነ /ʔana/ انا /ʔana/ አነ /ʔana/ أنا /aːna/ אֲנִי /ʔaˈni/
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